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Abstract
Urban population increase results in more supply chain operations in these areas, which leads to increased energy consumption and environmental pollution. City logistics represents a strategy of efficient freight transportation and material handling to fulfill customer and business demands. Within the frame of this paper, the authors describe an optimization model of a multi-echelon collection and distribution system, focusing on downtown areas and energy efficiency, sustainability, and emission reduction. After a systematic literature review, this paper introduces a mathematical model of collection and distribution problems, including package delivery, municipal waste collection, home delivery services, and supply of supermarkets and offices. The object of the optimization model is twofold: firstly, to design the optimal structure of the multi-echelon collection and distribution system, including layout planning and the determination of required transportation resources, like e-cars, e-bikes, and the use of public transportation; and secondly, to optimize the operation strategy of the multi-echelon supply chain, including resource allocation and scheduling problems. Next, a heuristic approach is described, whose performance is validated with common benchmark functions, such as metaheuristic evaluation. The scenario analysis demonstrates the application of the described model and shows the optimal layout, resource allocation, and operation strategy focusing on energy efficiency.
Highlights
City logistics field has become more forked with numerous available solutions within the last few years due to recent successive innovations in transportation and Industry 4.0
The behavior of transport companies regarding electric vehicles in the urban environment [40,41,42] was analyzed, while medium-duty vehicles are only financially competitive at higher mileages [43,44] if the savings achieved by lower operational costs are greater than the costs for battery replacements, and it was worked on improving their performance and reducing the bad impact on the environment that results from the used batteries charging them [45,46,47,48]
This was a study of two-echelon distribution systems, whereas smaller vehicles allow reaching the final customers [49], bringing new managerial insights related to the incorporation of electric vehicles into two-echelon delivery networks [50]
Summary
City logistics field has become more forked with numerous available solutions within the last few years due to recent successive innovations in transportation and Industry 4.0. The behavior of transport companies regarding electric vehicles in the urban environment [40,41,42] was analyzed, while medium-duty vehicles are only financially competitive at higher mileages [43,44] if the savings achieved by lower operational costs are greater than the costs for battery replacements, and it was worked on improving their performance and reducing the bad impact on the environment that results from the used batteries charging them [45,46,47,48] This was a study of two-echelon distribution systems, whereas smaller vehicles allow reaching the final customers [49], bringing new managerial insights related to the incorporation of electric vehicles into two-echelon delivery networks [50]. The main contribution of this article includes: (1) a methodology to evaluate conventional city logistics solutions from time, distance, energy consumption and emission point of view; (2) a methodology to design and optimize multi-echelon city logistics solution, where capacity, timeliness, suitability, availability, and energy-related constraints are taken into consideration; (3) comparative analysis of conventional and multi-echelon e-vehicle-based city logistics solutions focusing on energy efficiency and emission reduction; and (4) computational results of different scenarios to validate the developed methodology
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