Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a near-room-temperature, partially ionized gas composed of reactive neutral and charged species. CAP also generates physical factors, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation and thermal and electromagnetic (EM) effects. Studies over the past decade demonstrated that CAP could effectively induce death in a wide range of cell types, from mammalian to bacterial cells. Viruses can also be inactivated by a CAP treatment. The CAP-triggered cell-death types mainly include apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy-associated cell death. Cell death and virus inactivation triggered by CAP are the foundation of the emerging medical applications of CAP, including cancer therapy, sterilization, and wound healing. Here, we systematically analyze the entire picture of multi-modal biological destruction by CAP treatment and their underlying mechanisms based on the latest discoveries particularly the physical effects on cancer cells.
Highlights
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a near-room-temperature ionized gas composed of products including neutral particles, such as neutral atoms and molecules; charged particles, such as ions; electrons; and diverse, long-lived and short-lived reactive species, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [1,2,3,4]
The characterization of apoptosis is currently mainly based on flow cytometric data [83,84,85,86,87], accompanied with the analysis based on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, western blot, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), caspase 3/7 assay, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, cyt c assay, p53 assay, and BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) assay [41,71,79,88,89,90,91]
CAP treatment inactivated feline calicivirus (FCV) mainly by damaging the viral capsid by oxidizing specific amino acid residues located in the shell (S), the protrusion (P) domains, as well as the dimetric interface regions of major capsid protein in FCV (Figure 8a)
Summary
CAP is a near-room-temperature ionized gas composed of products including neutral particles, such as neutral atoms and molecules; charged particles, such as ions; electrons; and diverse, long-lived and short-lived reactive species, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [1,2,3,4]. In the indirect discharge source, such as CAP jet, the formed plasma will be transported by a gas (such as Helium) flow from the main discharge arc area to affect the samples, which do not participate in the discharge. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1259 generates plasma within the mesh and allows most current to flow through mesh rather than samples (such as skin). Input, and plasma within the mesh and different allows most current topower flow through meshrerather than active species generation in CAP, their chemical composition and physical effects are quite samples (such as skin). CAP, their chemical composition physical effects are quite similar. CAP can be precisely by modulating basicand operational parameters (gas candischarge be precisely controlled by modulating basic operational parameters flow rate, etc.). Etc.) [14,15]
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