Abstract
Home Energy Management Systems (HEMSs) may not be able to solve network issues, especially in the presence of high penetration level of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and decentral renewable energy. To solve the problem, Grid Energy Management Systems (GEMSs) were introduced. However, because of the contradictory nature of the main objectives of HEMS which are economical oriented on end-users, e.g., cost minimization, and GEMS which are technical oriented on system operators, e.g., maximization of system stability and power quality cannot be satisfied simultaneously. Hence, a multi-level energy management system seems to be necessary to improve the techno-economic performance of the distribution system while satisfying end-users, electricity retailers, and the system operator. Because of the significance of the subject, this paper presents the state-of-the-art regarding different energy management systems at home, aggregator, and network levels. The advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed and compared, considering their main elements such as objective functions, constraints, optimization algorithms, communication protocols, and impact of EVs. The challenges and limitations in hierarchical energy management are explained. Finally, some future research directions are suggested to improve the multi-level energy management system.
Highlights
Because a single-level Energy Management System (EMS) does not satisfy the objectives of the prosumers and Power Utility (PU) simultaneously, there is a need for a multilevel EMS
We thoroughly investigated previous works on Home Energy Management Systems (HEMSs), EMS for aggregators, and Grid Energy Management Systems (GEMSs)
A comparative analysis is done on two-level, and three-level hierarchical EMSs in details, including objective functions, constraints, optimization approaches, communication technologies, and protocols used in multi-level EMSs
Summary
NC The paper reviewed HEMS, different DRP, various heuristic optimization techniques, and artificial intelligence-based controllers for load scheduling in a smart home. Our work presents a comprehensive review on the impact of the HEMS and EV on the transformer and distribution system It discusses different levels of EMS (HEMS, Aggregator, GEMS) considering their objectives. A literature review of a single EMS level having one objective is presented first, and the impact of charging EVs on each EMS level is studied To give both entities (prosumer and PU) mutual benefit, hierarchical EMSs are discussed in detail. This review aims to summarize the work in terms of several factors, including the impact of EVs charged at homes and buildings on the distribution network, combine EMSs objective, control the EMS architecture, and identify the limitations of such studies. Providing an overview of the challenges and limitations in energy management by analyzing the papers published and addressing open questions for future research directions
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