Abstract
Microstructural design strategies across multiple length scales for improved rate performance of automotive battery electrodes, assisted by physics-based microstructure-resolved model.
Highlights
Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) have undergone rapid advancements in the last three decades since their first appearance on the market, and play a critical role in automotive electrification due to their superior power and energy densities
Note that the greyscale intensity of the primary particle is associated with the backscattered electrons that are primarily dependent on the out-of-plane angle of c-axis, the 3D crystallography can be simplified to 2D in this study by neglecting the in-plane angle, which is interchangeable with the other depending on the cutting plane for observation
The state transport (SST) resistance induced by the internal heterogeneity of the crystallographic orientations is schematically illustrated in Fig. 1c, as the intercalated lithium preferentially diffuses along the layered plane as indicated by the black dotted lines
Summary
Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) have undergone rapid advancements in the last three decades since their first appearance on the market, and play a critical role in automotive electrification due to their superior power and energy densities. The driving range, rate capabilities and cost are recognized as predominant factors limiting further market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs).[1] While a concerted effort has been made on the breakthrough of LiB technologies to target an energy density of 500 W h kgÀ1 with a charging time of less than 10 minutes, fast discharge capability of automotive batteries, which heavily affects the acceleration and climbing performance, and the driving range under complex driving cycles,[2] has become another challenge to be addressed It is predominantly determined by cathodes due to the low electronic conductivity[3] and Li+ ion transport resistance in both the liquid and solid phase,[4] in Ni-rich NMC electrodes. Ni-rich NMC electrodes can mitigate the microstructure limitation, they are known to suffer from capacity loss due to the chemical and mechanical degradation mechanisms such as Ni2+/Li+ disordering,[13] surface reconstruction[14] and particle cracking[15] at high cutoff voltage or long-term cycling
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