Abstract
Cluster−assembled Ni−NiO core−shell structures were periodically immersed into multiferroic Bi5Ti3FeO15 (BTFO) film matrices to form pseudo 1–3 BTFO/Ni−NiO/BTFO heterostructural films with multiferroic/antiferromagnetic/ferromagnetic (MF/AFM/FM) multi−interfaces. A biased magnetoelectric coupling effect was obtained at room temperature by a magnetic annealing process. The biased direction depends on the orientation of the annealing magnetic field, with magnetoelectric coefficient curves moving to left after positive annealing magnetic field, while moving to right with negative annealing magnetic field. This biased magnetoelectric effect originates from the multi−interface spin exchange coupling. The immersion of cluster−assembled Ni−NiO core−shells in the multiferroic matrices enhance the interfacial coupling effect due to the large surface-to-volume ratio. Thus, the interfacial spin exchange induced biased magnetoelectric effect is enhanced and reversible. The work provides an avenue on the weak magnetic field detection, spintronic devices and multistate switching memories.
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