Multi-indicators Classification of UHPC Mechanical Properties

Optimizing horizontal well placement is often not limited to identifying the most favorable reservoir, but also identifying the ideal target window within that reservoir. In unconventional reservoirs, the ideal target window must have both appropriate reservoir quality and the mechanical rock properties conducive to effective hydraulic fracturing. This paper presents two case studies from the Permian Basin. The first study directly compares wireline logs and core data with drilling vibration analysis. Analyzing drill bit vibrations, one can process mechanical rock property data. This process is called drill bit geomechanics. These high-resolution drill-bit-derived data were first calibrated to wireline and core data, then applied to target future landing zones. The second case study compares drill bit geomechanics data across three neighboring 10,000-ft horizontal wells, all of which landed in the same target zone. Based on the drill bit geomechanics data, the three wells showed notable differences in mechanical rock quality. The operator found the three wells’ production responses also differed. High frequency measurements of drilling-induced vibrations were recorded through several producing Permian reservoirs. In the pilot well, the recording tool was run behind a coring assembly to obtain mechanical data at in-situ pressure and temperature. Elastic stress-strain relationships were used to solve for the stiffness coefficients and determine relative values of mechanical properties (i.e., Young's Modulus (YM) and Poisson's Ratio (PR)). The resulting mechanical data were compared directly to core analysis, wireline dipole sonic logs, and wireline image logs. In general, the mechanical rock properties derived from drilling vibrations compared well with those from the sonic log and core analysis. One can attribute differences between the datasets to fluid effects and differences in resolution. The drill-bit-derived mechanical properties showed fine-scale changes and thinly-bedded intervals that were not identified by the sonic log. Using sonic measurements to determine in-situ mechanical properties can have non-uniqueness. Analyzing cores also includes challenges of translating exhumed core properties to those of in-situ conditions. Combining the in-situ measurement of mechanical properties from drilling vibrations with the traditional sonic log and core analysis minimized uncertainties. Increased understanding of mechanical properties in the pilot well informed the landing zone target intervals for the horizontal well development plan. Understanding mechanical properties is also critical to effective hydraulic fracture stimulation design and execution. Even within a landing zone, mechanical properties can vary laterally. Measuring and understanding these variations in mechanical properties can improve completions and lead to increased well productivity. Gathering drill bit geomechanics data provides a lower cost and lower risk method to acquire mechanical rock properties in long, horizontal wellbores. These near-wellbore variations in mechanical rock properties are ideal for use in identifying target landing zones for horizontal wells. One can use the data to create high-resolution, laterally variable fracture simulation and reservoir models. By integrating these data sets with mechanical rock properties recorded while drilling, operators can have significantly higher confidence in choosing a target landing zone and improving completions.

The macroscopic mechanical response properties of bituminous materials originate from the mechanical properties at the microstructural level. From atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigations, it is evident that mainly two material phases are present in bitumen; these phases can be loosely associated with bitumen’s chemical composition (i.e., crude oil origin). However, little is known about the mechanical properties of the constituent phases of bitumen. In this research, an AFM technique was used to obtain mechanical property maps of two bitumens. This technique can distinguish between phases and provide quantitative results. The mechanical properties at the nano- to micrometer-length scale govern the overall properties of bitumen when considered as a microscale composite material. A mechanics approach is followed to derive the composite modulus from the individual phase properties. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of mechanical properties is determined on heating the bitumens from ambient conditions. With an increase in temperature, the moduli of both phases decrease, whereas the phases become more adhesive. The results demonstrate a successful quantitative characterization of the mechanical properties of bitumen microphases and the subsequent coarse graining of these properties into composite mechanical response properties. These mechanical properties (i.e., stiffness and adhesion potential) are important input parameters for material design and modeling and will allow one to predict the macroscopic behavior of asphalt concrete according to fundamental quantities. Finally, a better understanding of the temperature dependence of microstructural mechanical properties can contribute to the understanding of the thermorheological properties of bitumen for optimal processing conditions and best performance.

Introduction The Biggest challenges coal-fired power plants are facing are improving their energy efficiencies and reducing their environmental impact due to CO2 and NOX emissions, can be attained by maximizing the steam pressure and temperature. However, the operating temperatures and pressures in boiler materials were restricted due to limited weldability of essential dissimilar joints between Austenitic Stainless Steel (ASS) and Creep-Enhanced Ferritic Steel (CEFS) due to carbon migration and sensitization. Present research work provides enhanced metallurgical and mechanical properties of weldment by optimizing the welding process and welding parameters. Aim The aim of the manuscript is to explores the welding compatibility of TP347H (stabilized ASS) with solution annealed T91 (CEFS), by Auto TIG welding technique, such that carbon migration at the fusion line of SA213 T91 and sensitization in the heat affected zone of TP347H can be minimized. Methods Influence of Auto TIG welding parameters on the mechanical, microstructure, and corrosion properties are studied and discussed. Carbon migration, mechanical and corrosion properties for lower (0.792 KJ/mm) and higher (1.124 KJ/mm) heat inputs weldments were compared. Investigation on mechanical properties test such as tensile, hardness, and root bend performed as per American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Section IX. Optical microscopy and Analytical Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) have been performed to investigate carbon migration and sensitization behaviour. Sensitization susceptibility further validated by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) A 262 Practice E. Results Investigation on tensile, hardness, and root bend tests revealed that mechanical properties for lower heat input weldment were superior. Restricted carbon migration due to optimized heat input improves mechanical properties and this was evidenced by satisfactory results of the bend test which showed no opening at the fusion line. A noticeable improvement in Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) 666 and 680N/mm2 (compared to 578 and 561N/mm2 for 1.124 KJ/mm heat input) and an acceptable hardness of 307 HV (compared to 399 HV for 1.124 KJ/mm heat input) were observed at T91 and weld metal interface. No fissures on bend surface and no Cr23C6 precipitation at grain boundary after performing ASTM A 262 Practice E and SEM-EDS respectively on heat affected zone (TP347H) of lower heat input weldment which shows higher resistance to intergranular corrosion (Sensitization). Conclusion Optimizing the welding parameters and decreasing the heat input mitigate the carbon migration at T91 fusion zone and, meeting the requirements for satisfactory mechanical properties in materials used for power generation applications. Further optimized welding heat input have lesser Cr23C6 precipitation in the heat-affected zone of TP347H, making the heat affected zone less susceptible to sensitization. Heat input must be controlled to (1) avoid intergranular corrosion failure or sensitization and (2) improve the mechanical properties of the weldment where requirement of post weld heat treatment is mandatory in the application (as recommended in the ASME Section 1, PW 39.1).

ABSTRACTIn recent years, findings in nanoscience and nanotechnology have deeply influenced many disciplines including the material and mechanical sciences. Polymers including nanostructures have attracted attention as their adoptions in general engineering composites have yielded efficient results. In this study, three different two-component (epoxy-hardener) adhesives were doped with graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide nanoplatelets, carbon nanotube, and fullerene C60 at three different rates (0.5%, 1%, and 2% by weight) and the mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposite adhesives were examined. The nanocomposite adhesives’ mechanical properties were analyzed via tensile tests and thermal properties were analyzed via Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) thermograms and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra. Results showed that doping nanostructures improve the stress-strain capacity of the adhesives. Both mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposite adhesives seem to change depending on the amount of nanostructure. Additionally, DSC and FT-IR curves showed an agreement with these improvements in the adhesives’ mechanical properties.

Dentin has been considered a promising scaffold for bone regeneration. This study investigated the effects of two different demineralization and deproteinization methods on the mechanical and physicochemical properties of dentin as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering approaches. Eighty dentin discs were divided into five groups according to the treatment process: control (C), no treatment; DEM1, complete demineralization with HCl; DEM2, partial demineralization with different concentrations of EDTA; DEP1, complete deproteinization using NaOCl solution; and DEP2, partial deproteinization by boiling water. The treated dentin discs were characterized using ATR-FTIR and SEM. The compressive strength, elastic modulus, and microhardness values of all C and treated samples were measured. They were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Weibull analysis. FTIR showed significantly reduced mineral/matrix ratio in demineralized groups (DEM1 and 2) (p < 0.001), while increase of mineral/matrix ratio in DEP1 was not significant (p = 0.31). SEM observations revealed open dentinal tubules in DEM1 group and lower amounts in the other groups. The C showed the highest compressive strength (78.18 ± 16.19 MPa), and the DEM1 showed the lowest (0.84 ± 0.32 MPa). The treated groups showed lower Weibull moduli (m), when compared with the C group. The DEP2 (642 ± 318.9) and DEM1 (2.9 ± 1.37) groups showed the highest and lowest modulus of elasticity, respectively. DEM1 showed the least hardness values (10.27 ± 3.09) compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). Based on the results, the DEM1 showed confirmed demineralization and lowest mechanical properties. The highest mechanical properties belonged to DEM2 and DEP2 groups which both were partially treated. Depending on the purpose of the regeneration, the dentin processing method can be selected. Whenever the high mechanical properties are more important in scaffold selection, DEM2 and DEP2 are the best choices. This study investigated the effects of two different demineralization and deproteinization methods including DEM1, demineralization with HCl; DEM2, demineralization with EDTA; DEP1, deproteinization using NaOCl solution; and DEP2, deproteinization by boiling water on the mechanical and physicochemical properties of dentin as a potential scaffold. Based on the results, the DEM1 showed confirmed demineralization and lowest mechanical properties. The highest mechanical properties belonged to DEM2 and DEP2 groups which both were partially treated. Depending on the purpose of the regeneration, the dentin processing method can be selected. Whenever the high mechanical properties are more important in scaffold selection, DEM2 and DEP2 are the best choices. Future studies should be conducted to assess the osteoinductive/osteoconductive potential of these scaffolds and also cell growth and proliferation on the prepared scaffolds using mentioned protocols.

Asynchronous responses of mechanical and magnetic properties to structure relaxation for the Fe71Nb6B23 bulk metallic glass were systematically investigated. It is interesting that this ternary alloy can combinedly exhibit outstanding magnetic and mechanical properties, especially good ductility, after optimally annealing in structure relaxation stage for eliminating the internal stress and homogenizing the microstructure. The alloy exhibits low coercive force of 1.6 A/m, high effective permeability of 15 × 103, high fracture strength of 4.2 GPa and good plastic strain of 1.8%. It is also found that responses of mechanical and magnetic properties to structure relaxation are asynchronous. The glass transition and crystallization will greatly deteriorate the magnetic and mechanical properties. Here we propose a physical picture and demonstrate that the primary structure factors determining magnetic and mechanical properties are different. This work will bring a promising material for application and a new perspective to study the effect of annealing-induced structure relaxation on mechanical and magnetic properties.

Many papers are involved with the mechanical and electrical properties of rubber or composites cured in traditional way but few involve the properties of dynamically vulcanized composites. The effect of dynamic vulcanization on mechanical and electrical properties of a PP/EPDM composite was studied in our laboratory. The relationship between the mechanical properties of the composite and the vulcanizator concentration and ratio of PP/EPDM is presented. As the ratio of PP/EPDM increases, the tensile strength increases and elongation decreases. When vulcanizator content is about 1.2 by weight percent both mechanical and electrical properties reach optimal values. In order to understand the dependence of mechanical properties on vulcanization concentration and PP/EPDM ratio, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) is used to examine the micro-morphology of the composite. From the SEM photograph it can be seen that the mechanical properties of the composite depend on the uniform distribution of the rubber particle in a PP matrix. Obviously, dynamic vulcanization contributes to the formation of small particles and an improvement of compatibility between PP and EPDM. Therefore the PP/EPDM composite possesses good mechanical properties. The electrical properties, insulation resistivity and dielectric loss factor (tan/spl delta/), of the composite with improved mechanical properties were also measured. Therefore dynamic vulcanization improves the mechanical and electrical properties of the PP/EPDM composite.

Diselenide as a Dual Functional Mechanophore Capable of Stress Self-Reporting and Self-Strengthening in Polyurethane Elastomers

Reliable characterization of mechanical behavior (e.g., elastic properties) in anisotropic and heterogeneous formations require advanced methods for understanding the impacts of spatial distribution of rock components, pore structure, and pore pressure on mechanical properties. However, the existing methods for assessment of mechanical properties (e.g., effective elastic properties) such as effective medium models, assume constant stiffness values and idealized shapes for rock constituents and pores. These models also do not take into account coupled hydraulic and mechanical (HM) processes, which cause significant uncertainties in geomechanical evaluation. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of realistic spatial distribution of minerals, pore pressure, and pore structure on the effective elastic properties of rock-fluid systems. In order to pursue this objective, we developed a pore-scale numerical simulator by satisfying conservation equations and considering the coupling among relevant HM processes. We adopted peridynamic theory to discretize the micro-/nano-scale medium. The inputs to the numerical modeling include pore-scale images of rock samples as well as mechanical and hydraulic properties of each rock constituent. We used micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scan and focused ion beam (FIB) scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of rock samples to obtain a realistic micro-/nano-scale structure of both rock matrix and pore space. We then assigned realistic mechanical and hydraulic properties to each rock constituent within the pore-scale medium. The outcomes of numerical modeling include the variation of effective stress and the evolution of corresponding strain by honoring the variability in mechanical properties of rock components caused by their spatial distribution, size, pore pressure, and pore structure at the micro-/nano-scale level. We successfully tested the reliability of the developed framework using results of an analytical solution for the case of consolidation. We then performed sensitivity analyses to quantify the effects of concentration and spatial distribution of rock components, divergence in mechanical properties of minerals, and pore structure on variations in effective elastic properties of rock components. For instance, the deformation of clay minerals dispersed in between the quartz minerals was approximately 60% less than that in clay minerals colonized next to the quartz under the same load. In the next step, we compared these mechanical characterizations with estimates obtained from the effective medium models. We observed measurable uncertainties (more than 15% depending on mineral content and distribution) in elastic properties of rock components estimated by the effective medium models such as self-consistent approximation. These uncertainties are associated with spatial distribution, shape, and size of minerals, which are not considered in those models. Such effective medium models also overlook the effects of pore structure and pore pressure on the mechanical properties. The results of coupled HM analysis for cases with the same mineral concentration but different pore structure revealed more than 12% error in estimates of effective mechanical properties.

Thermoplastic starch (TPS) materials have great potential to replace some conventional synthetic plastics, and have the advantage of being economical, biodegradable, renewable, and can usually be processed using conventional plastic processing equipment. An important requirement is that TPS materials should have acceptable mechanical and biodegradability properties as a given functional material. The structure of TPS materials, at the molecular, crystalline and granular levels, may be altered during processing, which in turn affect their mechanical properties and biodegradability. This dissertation encompasses a detailed understanding of starch structural changes resulting from an archetypal processing procedure, and also examines its effects on mechanical properties and biodegradability. The effects of the thermal and mechanical energies of extrusion on the starch degradation at multiple structural levels were quantitatively investigated. Waxy (WMS), normal (NMS), and high-amylose maize starch (HAMS) with different amylose contents of 0, 34 and 63%, were extruded with varying temperatures, screw speeds, and plasticizer contents. The size distributions of individual branches did not show any significant change after extrusion. The whole amylopectin molecules were degraded into smaller sizes during extrusion while whole amylose molecules were not significantly affected. The crystalline and granular structures were disrupted during extrusion, without changing the crystalline polymorph displayed, suggesting that the crystalline structure remaining mainly originated from ungelatinized starch, which was confirmed by polarized light microscope images. Starch structural degradation was more severe at lower plasticizer content due to the greater amount of mechanical energy input at the same screw speed. Higher processing temperature (thermal energy) did not have any significant effect on the crystalline structure. The effects of mechanical and thermal energies on starch structural degradation were analyzed separately using Pearson correlation tests to compare the effect of the different parameters, showing that mechanical energy caused more significant degradation on starch structure than thermal energy. The starch extrudates obtained previously were compression-molded and the crystalline structure of NMS films was further altered using a hydrothermal treatment (HTT). The mechanical properties of starch films with various molecular and crystalline structures were investigated. For WMS, which contains only amylopectin, the degradation at the molecular level did not affect the mechanical properties significantly. HAMS films, with a higher amylose content and longer branches, showed higher elongation at break, and tensile strength than WMS and NMS films. The effects of amylose content on the mechanical properties were not significant when the plasticizer content was low, probably because the starch chains were restrained in a more rigid network. As distinct from previous studies reporting that an increase in crystallinity enhanced some mechanical properties, the present study found that the crystallinity of different films prior HTT was not significantly correlated with their mechanical properties, which might be due to these crystalline structure from the remaining ungelatinized starch granules unable to form a continuous network. On the other hand, the alteration of TPS crystalline structure by HTT increased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus, while decreased the elongation at break. The results indicate that the crystallinity from the remaining ungelatinized starch granules has less significant effects on the mechanical properties of TPS than the crystalline structure formed from starch retrogradation, probably due to the leached-out amylose forming a stronger network surrounding the remaining starch granules. The effects of starch structures on the biodegradability of TPS films were investigated by hydrolyzing starch films using fungal α-amylase. The substrates comprised varied starch structures obtained by different degrees of acid hydrolysis, different granular sizes using size fractionation, and different degrees of crystallinity by aging for different times (up to 14 days). Two stages are identified for unretrograded films by fitting degradation data using first-order kinetics. Starch films containing larger molecules were degraded faster, but the rate coefficient was independent of the granule size. Retrograded films were degraded much slower than unretrograded ones, with a similar rate coefficient to that in the second stage of unretrograded films. Although initially the smaller molecules or the easily accessible starch chains on the amorphous film surface were degraded faster, the more ordered structure (resistant starch) formed from retrogradation, either before or during enzymatic degradation, strongly inhibits film biodegradation. Starch structural changes induced by processing at different levels can be inter-related with one another; for example, amylopectin molecules present in the rigid semi-crystalline conformation in native starch granules undergo severe shear scission by mechanical energy during extrusion, decreasing the degree of crystallinity and destroying the granular structure. Crystalline structure from the continuous network in TPS materials is dominant in improving the mechanical properties and decreasing the degradation rate of TPS. Although the molecular size does not influence the mechanical properties, it has a great impact on the biodegradability of starch films.

The effect of HDPE on mechanical and physical properties of LLDPE/LDPE blown films were studied. Two types of LLDPE, produced by using Ziegler-Natta (zn-LLDPE) and metallocene catalytic systems (m-LLDPE); two grades of HDPE with different melt flow indices; 0.04 g/10min (HDPE1) and 0.7 g/10min (HDPE2), were used. In the first part, blown films were prepared at various compositions at a fixed LDPE content of 15% by weight, while HDPE content was varied from 5 to 30% by weight. The mechanical properties of the blown films were measured: i.e., stiffness (Young’s modulus), tensile strength, elongation at break, tear resistance, impact resistance and puncture resistance. Various physical properties were also characterized: i.e., haze, gloss, amount of gel particles, initial seal temperature and mass throughput. Furthermore, their thermal property was investigated. These included the non-isothermal melt-crystallization and melting behavior. The results obtained indicated that increasing HDPE content caused an increase in the crystallinity of blown films which caused the Young’s modulus in increase, while the clarity decreased. The blown films containing 15% HDPE by weight exhibited the most suitable mechanical and physical properties of blown films. The blown films containing HDPE1 had inferior mechanical properties with rough surface. Almost all blown films containing m-LLDPE showed better mechanical properties but more haze than the ones containing zn-LLDPE. In the second part, HDPE2 was kept constant at 15% by weight, while the LDPE content was varied (i.e., 5, 15 and 25% by weight). It was found that the mechanical properties of blown films decreased but better physical properties, especially lower haze and initial seal temperature. The blown films containing m-LLDPE exhibited better mechanical properties, while the blown films containing zn-LLDPE exhibited better physical properties.

This research focuses on the static mechanical, thermal and tribological properties of carbon fibre epoxy (CF/Ep) composites filled with boron nitride (BN) micro-filler powder (BN-CF/Ep). The mechanical properties studied were tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear strength and hardness. The thermal properties studied were dynamic mechanical and thermogravimetric analyses which were analysed through dynamic mechanical analyser and thermogravimetric analyser, respectively. The curing ability and dispersion of BN filler in the Ep and composites were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectra and scanning electron microscopy. The tribological properties focused were three-body abrasion and dry sliding friction and wear conduct. Three-body abrasion tests were studied with silica sand of 212 µm particle size, 30 N load, 2.38 m s−1 sliding velocity and variable abrasive distances of 250 m, 500 m, 750 m and 1000 m. The dry sliding wear tests were performed using pin-on-disc (POD) wear experimental set-up with 60 N load, 3 m s−1 sliding velocity and variable sliding distances of 1000 m, 2000 m and 3000 m. The results followed the trend of BN1% &gt; BN3% &gt; BN5% composites in all mechanical properties. The carbon fabric reinforcement along with the BN-Ep matrix improved enormously all the mechanical properties except impact resistance. Further, it was exhibited that 1 wt% BN into CF/Ep prompts better mechanical properties with predominant damping capacity and thermal stability. Both the dry sand abrasive wear and POD test outcomes revealed that all BN-CF/Ep composites prompt predominant wear resistance. CF along with BN improves enormously the wear resistance with friction coefficient. Further, it was exhibited that 1 wt% BN into CF/Ep in both three-body abrasive and POD tests prompts better wear resistance. Generally speaking, it was presumed that BN-CF/Ep gracefully and successfully improved the mechanical, thermal and tribological properties and morphology of Ep for various mechanical, electrical components and load-bearing applications used in automotive and engineered applications.

The objective of this study was to optimize the composition and loading of silver-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Ag/MSNs) within the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) denture base to enhance mechanical properties, antifungal activity, and maintain biocompatibility. Silica nanoparticles (SBA-15) were synthesized and functionalized with either diaminosilane (PC1200) or gamma-methoxysilane (γ-MPTS) coupling agents prior to silver impregnation. The functionalized and unmodified SBA-15 were then loaded with silver nanoparticles via chemical reduction. These Ag/MSN-modified PMMA composites were fabricated at different nanoparticle loadings (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt%) and characterized for their physical, mechanical, antimicrobial, and biocompatibility properties. The incorporation of Ag/MSNs significantly improved the mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity of the PMMA-based dental prosthesis material without compromising biocompatibility. The modification of Ag/MSNs particles by both types of coupling agents fortified the material's mechanical properties, sustained water solubility and release of silver nanoparticles, thereby providing better biocompatibility for the synthesized nanocomposites. This phenomenon was more pronounced in the amino-silane coupling agents equipped with diamine groups. The findings of this study demonstrated that an increase in the concentration of Ag/MSNs particles in the PMMA polymers up to 1.5 wt% resulted in the deterioration of the mechanical properties, reducing water sorption and solubility, but enhancement of antifungal activity. A concentration of 0.5 wt% silver-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles modified by amino-silane or gamma-methoxysilane coupling agents can be considered the optimal concentration for incorporation into PMMA denture bases, resulting in enhanced mechanical and antifungal properties while preserving biocompatibility.

This laboratory study determined the surface, mechanical and chemical properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture resin reinforced with micron-sized Gum Arabic (GA) powder in different weight ratios. This laboratory study was conducted at the Dental Health Department of the College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from November 2022 to February 2023. Three experimental denture resins were prepared by incorporating GA powder in heat-polymerized PMMA powder using different wt.% (5, 10, and 20 wt.%). While pristine PMMA served as the control group. A total of ten bar-shaped specimens with dimensions of 65 mm × 10 mm × 3.5 mm were prepared for each study group. The surface properties (micro CT and SEM evaluation), mechanical properties (Nanohardness, elastic modulus and flexural strength) and chemical properties (FTIR) were conducted. The data were statistically analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests (p<0.05). The surface and bulk properties of experimental GA-reinforced PMMA resin materials deteriorated while the mechanical properties were also negatively altered using GA-based PMMA denture resin. A linear correlation was observed between weak mechanical properties and increasing wt.% of GA in denture resin. The incorporation of GA powder in denture resin might not be a viable option. The surface and mechanical properties of experimental PMMA composites were adversely affected compared to the control group.

Abstract. Anna N, Siregar IZ, Supriyanto, Sudrajat DJ, Karlinasari L. 2023. Physical, mechanical, and anatomical properties of 12 jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba) provenances wood in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5895-5904. Jabon is a raw wood material for paper industries and has a fast-growing ability. Comprehensive information on the fundamental qualities of wood from the 12 provenances of jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser) is a critical aspect of understanding their superior properties. The age of the samples at the trial was 42 months old, and the number of trees tested was 12, representing one provenance. Wood samples for physical (disk samples), mechanical, and anatomical properties were sampled at a height and length of 1.3 m and 35 cm. The logs were divided into 5 cm and 30 cm for wood samples with anatomical and mechanical properties. The physical and mechanical properties were tested according to ASTM D 4442, ASTM D 2395, and ASTM D 143 standards. The physical (density, specific gravity, and moisture content), mechanical properties (MOE and MOR), and anatomical properties (fiber length and microfibril angle) were carried out on wood from 12 provenances. Physical and anatomical properties were tested, from the pith to the outer bark. The average green wood density was 0.94 gcm-3, while the highest was obtained in the Rimbo Panti, Nusakambangan, Kapuas Tengah, and Batu Hijau provenances. The average specific gravity value from the 12 provenances of jabon was 0.46 in Batu Licin and Batu Hijau provenances; the average moisture content on oven-dry weight was 105.13%; and the highest value was in the Kuala Kencana provenance. The average MOE and MOR values were 51,039.93 kgcm-² and 488.37 kgcm-², with a dry air moisture content of 13.62%. The highest MOE and MOR values were in the Batu Licin and Gowa provenance, with MFA testing varied at 11.54°. The fiber length from the pith to the outer bark tended to increase, with an average of 1183.28 ?m. Based on the value of physical, mechanical, and anatomical properties, 12 provenances of jabon can only be used as non-structural raw materials. The Batu Hijau provenances have the highest density and specific gravity. However, the highest fiber length was found in Gowa provenance.