Abstract
Improper waste lead-acid battery (LAB) disposal not only damages the environment, but also leads to potential safety hazards. Given that waste best available treatment technology (BATT) plays a major role in environmental protection, pertinent research has largely focused on evaluating typical recycling technologies and recommending the BATT for waste LABs. First the evaluation indicators were selected based on the analysis of main factors affecting the pollution control of waste LAB treatment. The relative weights of each indicator were determined via the Delphi-attribute hierarchy model (AHM) in the second step. To determine the BATT, the attributive mathematics theory was adopted to calculate the attribute measure of single and multiple indices. Then, five recycling technologies commonly used in the secondary lead industry were estimated using the proposed evaluation system, and the feasibility of the recommended BATT was preliminarily verified. The results indicated that mixed smelting technology (MST), pre-desulfurization and multi-chamber smelting technology (PD-MCST), and direct smelting technology (DST) were found to perform well and were therefore deemed optimal for waste LAB disposal at this stage. The validation study showed that the DST can meet the requirements of pollution control, which is consistent with the evaluation results.
Highlights
After more than 150 years of continuous development and improvement, lead-acid batteries (LABs) have become a widely used chemical power source worldwide, with good electrochemical reversibility, stable voltage characteristics, and wide application range [1,2,3]
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 1.2 billion people all over the world live in a lead-polluted environment, and about 99% of these occur in non-developed countries
The attribute hierarchy model (AHM) is an unstructured decision-making method developed on the basis of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) theory [27,28,29]
Summary
After more than 150 years of continuous development and improvement, lead-acid batteries (LABs) have become a widely used chemical power source worldwide, with good electrochemical reversibility, stable voltage characteristics, and wide application range [1,2,3]. Large-scale production would inevitably lead to an increase in the amount of used LABs, making the recycling of waste batteries an industrial problem. Lead and its compounds are a kind of nondegradable pollutant, and its properties are relatively stable [6]. These can flow into the environment through wastewater, waste gas, or waste residue, which can cause severe pollution threats and health problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 1.2 billion people all over the world live in a lead-polluted environment, and about 99% of these occur in non-developed countries. Peng et al found that there is a close relationship between secondary lead enterprises and lead pollution [7]
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