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Abstract
Field observations discern that the oil production rate decreases substantially and water cut increases rapidly with the increase of steam injection cycles. Compared with steam drive, the advantage of flue gas (also called multi-component thermal gas) co-injection with steam is that flue gas can increase the reservoir pressure and expand the heating chamber. In this paper, the flue gas generated by fuel burning in the field was injected with steam to improve heavy oil recovery. This technique was investigated in the large laboratory 3D model and implemented in the field as well. The huff-n-puff process efficiency by flue gas, steam, and flue gas–steam co-injection was compared in the experiments. The field practice also demonstrated that the addition of non-condensable gas in the steam huff-n-puff process recovered more oil than steam alone. The temperature profile in the wellbore with flue gas injection is higher than that with steam injection since the low thermal conductivity of N2 reduces the heat loss. With the increase of stimulation cycles, the incremental oil recovery by flue gas injection declines significantly.
Highlights
The application of flue gas is limited by the availability of gas sources in the field (Miller et al, 2002; Dong et al, 2006; Sun et al, 2014)
In order to investigate the potential of non-condensable gas injection for improved heavy oil recovery after the steam huff-n-puff process, five cycles of non-condensable gas–assisted steam huff-n-puff were conducted after the primary steam injection process
The oil recovery factors were obtained by using the production rates of each cycle in Table 3 divided by the initial volume of oil in place
Summary
The application of flue gas is limited by the availability of gas sources in the field (Miller et al, 2002; Dong et al, 2006; Sun et al, 2014). Multi-component thermal fluid enhanced oil recovery technology refers to the use of steam, CO2, and N2 as injection gases which collaborates the effects of oil viscosity reduction, heat preservation, and repressurization. The enthalpy carried by the flue gas is less than that of steam given the same volume of gas injection (Srivastava et al, 1999; Mohsenzadeh et al, 2016; Zhou et al, 2020). The temperature of the multi-component thermal fluid decreases slightly with the increase of wellbore depth due to heat losses. With the decrease of phase temperature and pressure, the multi-component thermal fluid becomes a two-phase flow state due to the condensation of water vapor (Peng and Robinson, 1976; Meyer et al, 2007; Hoteit, 2013).
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