Mullins effect in swollen rubber: Experimental investigation and constitutive modelling

Abstract

Apart from the well-known hyperelastic and large stress-strain behavior in dry rubber, the inelastic responses such as hysteresis and Mullins effect are also observed when a dry rubber is cyclically loaded. The former is given by different loading and unloading paths in a cycle, while the latter corresponds to the significant decrease in stress between two successive cycles, particularly between the first and second loading. The Mullins effect or the stress-softening effect disappears after several cycles of loading, i.e. five cycles for the materials used in the present study. A number of models describing the Mullins effect in dry rubber are available in the literature. Nevertheless, works focusing on the Mullins effect in swollen rubbers are less common. Therefore, the experimental investigation and modelling of Mullins effect in swollen rubbers are addressed in the present study. For this purpose, mechanical tests were conducted in order to probe the Mullins effect in swollen rubbers under cyclic loading conditions. Furthermore, the pseudo-elastic model [Ogden, R.W. & Roxburgh, D. G., 1999. A pseudo-elastic model for the Mullins effect in filled rubber. Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 455, 2861-2877] is considered and extended in order to account for swelling level. Results show that the proposed model is qualitatively in good agreement with experimental observations.