Mulching With Composted MSW for Biological Control Of Weeds in Vegetable Crops

Abstract

Compost maturity is one of several issues that the composting industry must face as it attempts to provide a high quality product to the agricultural community. In this paper, we examine the potential for using immature compost prepared from a mixture of municipal solid waste (MSW) and biosolids as a mulch for control of weeds in vegetable crop row-alleys. Two field experiments were conducted with 4 and 8-week-old composts in the fall of 1995 and the spring of 1996. The 4-week-old compost was applied to mulching depths of 3.8 (68 t dry weight .ha−1), 7.5 (135 t dry weight .ha−1), 11.3 (203 t dry weight .ha−1), and 15 cm (270 t dry weight .ha−1) in the fall, and at 2.0 (35 t dry weight .ha−1), 3.8, 7.5, and 11.3 cm depths in the spring. Other treatments were paraquat applied at 0.6 kg.ha−1 and an untreated control. All treatments were applied in row-alleys between raised, polyethylene-covered soil beds. The 8-week-old compost was applied to depths of 3.8, 7.5, 11.3, and 15 cm in fall and to depths of 2.0, 3.8, 7.5 and 11.3 cm in the spring. Untreated alleys served as controls. In the fall 1995 experiment under low weed pressures, the 4-week-old compost applied to 7.5 cm or greater depths completely inhibited weed germination and growth for 240 days after treatment. In the spring 1996 experiment, 4-week-old compost completely inhibited weed germination and growth for only 65 days if applied to a depth of 7.5 cm or deeper due to higher prevailing weed pressures, particularly due to yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). In the same spring experiment, a 50 % reduction in percentage weed cover was obtained for 240 days with a 11.25 cm deep layer of mulch compared to the control. In the fall 1995 experiment, 8-week-old compost applied at 7.5 cm or depths completely inhibited weed germination and growth for 240 days. In the spring 1996 experiment, 8-week-old compost applied as a 11.25 cm mulch reduced percent weed cover as compared to the control up to 240 days. In general, weed cover and weed dry weight decreased linearly as the depth of the mulch increased.Under these immature composts, inhibition of germination or subsequent weed growth may have been due to both the physical effects of the mulch and the concentrations of phytotoxic fatty acids during the first few days after mulches were applied. At the time of mulching with the 4-week old compost, acetic acid was present at a concentration of 1221 mg.kg−1 in the fall mulch, and at 4128 mg.kg−1 in the spring mulch. The same concentrations in the 8-week-old compost for the fall and spring mulches were 1118 mg.kg−1 and 3113 mg.kg−1, respectively. In conclusion, immature compost may provide an effective alternative weed control method for row-alleys in vegetable crop production systems. During these experiments, it was observed that man-made contaminants such as glass, hard and soft plastics in the composts were esthetically unacceptable and potentially posed hazards to field workers.