Abstract
The clinically relevant black yeasts and their relatives, i.e., members of the Ascomycete order Chaetothyriales. In order to understand the pathology of these fungi it is essential to know their natural ecological niche. From a relatively low degree of molecular variability of the black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis, potential agent of brain infections in patients from East Asia, it is concluded that this species is an emerging pathogen, currently going through a process of active speciation. It is found to be an oligotrophic fungus in hot, moist environments, such as steam baths. Cladophialophora-Fonsecaea- and Ramichloridium-like strains, known in humans as agents of chromoblastomycosis, are frequently found on rotten plant material, but the fungal molecular diversity in the environment is much higher than that on the human patient, so that it is difficult to trace the etiological agents of the disease with precision, Human to human transmitted disease is the game of corona virus disease (COVID-19) transmission and it had been declared an emergency global pandemic that caused major disastrous in respiratory system to more than five million people and killing more than half a billion deaths across the globe. Besides lower acute respiratory syndrome, there is damage to alveolar with severe inflammatory exudation. COVID-19 patients often have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells and most patients in intensive care units (ICU) need mechanical ventilation, hence longer stay in hospitals. These patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infections. COVID-19 patients develop what is known as mucormycosis a black fungal infection which is deadly leading to loss of sight and hearing and eventually death. This chapter will focus on mucormycosis, black fungus caused during post covid complication. This approach has been successful with Cladophialophora carrionii, of which cells resembling muriform cells, the tissue form of chromoblastomycosis, were found to occur in drying spines of cacti. Phagocytosis assays provide a method to distinguish between pathogens and non-pathogens, as the killing rates of strict saprobes proved to be consistently higher than of those species frequently known as agents of disease. therapeutic possibilities for patient chromoblastomycosis. Covid-19 waste is like any other infectious waste and the guidelines for its management are required to be followed in addition to existing practices under regulation. BMWM in context of COVID-19 is a public health concern and is both a legal and social responsibility.
Highlights
Black yeasts have been known since the end of the 19th century, but they still are among the most difficult fungal groups to identify and the knowledge on this group is still only fragmentary
CladophialophoraFonsecaea- and Ramichloridium-like strains, known in humans as agents of chromoblastomycosis, are frequently found on rotten plant material, but the fungal molecular diversity in the environment is much higher than that on the human patient, so that it is difficult to trace the etiological agents of the disease with precision, Human to human transmitted disease is the game of corona virus disease (COVID-19) transmission and it had been declared an emergency global pandemic that caused major disastrous in respiratory system to more than five million people and killing more than half a billion deaths across the globe
This chapter will focus on mucormycosis, black fungus caused during post covid complication
Summary
Black yeasts have been known since the end of the 19th century, but they still are among the most difficult fungal groups to identify and the knowledge on this group is still only fragmentary. Undescribed taxa from the environment and even from human patients are regularly found, and their number is likely to augment exponentially when less commonly Explored sources are sampled.Molecular phylogeny has enabled the attribution of black yeast species to main groups in the fungal kingdom. A fungal pathogen called Aspergillus cause devastating disease in immune compromised hosts. To accommodate the severely ill COVID19 patients, asymptomatic patients were advised for home quarantine and in some cases admitted to temporarily created isolation wards. This massive case number and its consequent healthcare waste is an unprecedented challenge to the existing health services infrastructure
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