Mucilage secretion by seeds doubles the chance to escape removal by ants

Abstract

Post-dispersal seed predation is a risk for plants in semiarid environments, leading to strategies to protect their propagules from seed collection by animals. In this study, we evaluated the importance of mucilage secretion in seeds as a mechanism to reduce seed collection by ants. We selected three Mediterranean species with strong mucilage secretion on their seeds which become sticky upon wetting. Seeds of Rosmarinus officinalis, Fumana ericoides, and Fumana thymifolia were exposed to ants and survival was compared between dry loose seeds and seeds glued to the soil with previously secreted mucilage. The study site was in the Sierra Calderona, 25 km north of Valencia (Spain). The ant–plant interaction was analyzed by scrutinizing seed collection by ants and by analyzing the waste piles of ant nests. To test survival, groups of 10 seeds were placed on the ground. Each group consisted of five control (dry) and five mucilaginous seeds (previously mucilage secreted) and was covered by the cover of a Petri dish modified to permit only the entry of ants. Seeds were inspected weekly for seed disappearance and the survival function (Kaplan–Meier estimator) was calculated. Seeds of the target species were important food items for ants and were actively collected, and more than 50 % of the experimental seeds that were glued to the ground with their own mucilage survived at the end of the study period but only 0–20 % of the control seeds survived after the same time of exposure. The implications for plant establishment of these findings are discussed.