Abstract
Periodontal disease results from the inflammatory infiltration by the microbial community which is marked through tooth mobility and alveolar bone resorption. The inflammation in periodontal disease is mediated by CD4+ T cells through cytokine secretion and osteoclastogenetic activity. Historically, the inflammatory model in periodontal disease is described through disruption of the balance between two subsets of T helper cells which are T-helper type 1 (Th1) and T-helper type 2 (Th2). However, more and more studies have found that apart from subsets of helper T cells, regulatory T-cells and Th17 cells are also involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Growing evidence proves that helper T cells differentiation, activation, and subset determination are under the strong impact of mTOR signaling. mTOR signaling could promote Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation and inhibit Treg commitment through different mTOR complexes, therefore we anticipate a regulation effect of mTOR signaling on periodontal diseases by regulating CD4+ T cell subsets. This review aims to integrate the topical researches about the role of different types of Th cells in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, as well as the regulation of mTOR signaling in the specification and selection of Th cell commitment.
Highlights
A new periodontitis classification scheme has been adopted by the World Workshop in 2018, in which three forms of periodontitis can be identified: necrotizing periodontitis, periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease, and the disease previously recognized as “chronic” or “aggressive” are grouped under a single category, “periodontitis” and are further classified based on a multidimensional staging and grading system [1, 2]
We have summarized the latest researches describing the role of different subsets of CD4+ T which include helper T cells type 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the induction of immune response in chronic periodontal diseases
Discovering the crucial pathways to control the differentiation of CD4+ T cells may bring a new direction for the treatment of periodontal diseases through regulating immunity and achieving a balance between fighting infection and reducing the tissue destruction in periodontitis
Summary
A new periodontitis classification scheme has been adopted by the World Workshop in 2018, in which three forms of periodontitis can be identified: necrotizing periodontitis, periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease, and the disease previously recognized as “chronic” or “aggressive” are grouped under a single category, “periodontitis” and are further classified based on a multidimensional staging and grading system [1, 2]. We have summarized the latest researches describing the role of different subsets of CD4+ T which include helper T cells type 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the induction of immune response in chronic periodontal diseases.
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