Abstract
Milk extracellular vesicles (EVs) form an excellent source of mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, and lipids that represent the physiological and pathological status of the host. Recent studies have reported milk EVs as novel biomarkers for many infectious diseases in both humans and animals. For example, miRNAs in milk EVs from cattle were used for early detection of bacterial infection in the mammary gland. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that mRNAs in milk EVs are suitable for gaining a better understanding of the pathogenesis of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection and prognosis of the clinical stage in cattle. For that purpose, milk EVs were isolated from BLV-infected and uninfected cattle, and mRNAs were investigated using microarray analysis. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed mainly focusing on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in milk EVs from BLV-infected cattle. GO and KEGG analyses suggested the DEGs in milk EVs from BLV-infected cattle had involved in diverse molecular functions, biological processes, and distinct disease-related pathways. The present study suggested that BLV infection causes profound effects on host cellular activity, changing the mRNA expression profile in milk EVs obtained from BLV-infected cattle. Overall, our results suggested that the mRNA profile in milk EVs to be a key factor for monitoring the clinical stage of BLV infection. This is the first report of mRNA profiling of milk EVs obtained from BLV-infected cattle.
Highlights
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membranous particles and are extracellularly secreted from a wide variety of mammalian cells [1]
We predicted mRNAs in milk EVs from bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected cattle to possibly be useful for the detection of clinical status and pathological conditions
This study provided robust information regarding the mRNA profile that could serve as a useful benchmarking resource for the development of biomarkers in subsequent investigations on BLV infection in cattle
Summary
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membranous particles and are extracellularly secreted from a wide variety of mammalian cells [1]. Another study had reported mRNAs in milk EVs of cattle origin to perform important physiological and immunological functions [8]. Sun et al [9] had reported miRNAs such as bta-miR-142-5p and bta-miR-223 in milk EVs from cattle to act as potential biomarkers for early detection of bacterial infection in the mammary gland. Based on these reports, we predicted mRNAs in milk EVs from bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected cattle to possibly be useful for the detection of clinical status and pathological conditions
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