Abstract
Vaccination is one of the important approaches in the prevention and control of diseases. Although the capacity to present antigens other than the disease-specific antigen in the traditional vaccine composition provides a potential benefit by increasing its protective efficacy, many components that are not needed for the related disease are also transferred. These components can reduce vaccine activity by lowering immunity against protective antigens. The reasons such as the low effectiveness of traditional vaccines and the high cost of production and time-consuming reasons show that it is necessary to develop a new vaccine method for our world, which is struggling with epidemics almost every year. Among nucleic acids, mRNA has many advantages, such as genomic integration, induction of anti-DNA autoantibodies, and immune tolerance induced by long-term antigen expression. mRNA vaccines have become a therapeutic target for reasons such as efficacy, safety, fast and non-expensive production. The fact that mRNA triggers both humoral and cellular immunity and goes only to the cytoplasm, not to the nucleus, makes it highly efficient. The mRNA must cross the lipid bilayer barrier and entry to the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein. There are two main ways of mRNA vaccine delivery for this: ex vivo loading of mRNA into dendritic cells (DCs) and direct injection of mRNA with or without a carrier. Studies continue to understand which delivery system is therapeutically more efficient. Preclinical and clinical trials showed that mRNA vaccines trigger a long-lasting and safe immune response.
Highlights
Vaccines protect humanity against various diseases for many years
Inactivated vaccines are generally produced in the egg or cell culture and are partially safer than live attenuated vaccines, as they are formed by ip inactivating the purified disease agent by chemical, heat treatment, or radiation
Conventional vaccines have many disadvantages, such as the risk of revirulence of live attenuated vaccines and the risk of infection in those with immunodeficiency, s inactivated vaccines being less effective than attenuated vaccines, and commercial vaccines based on toxoids that require complex components in the culture medium.[3,4,5,6,7]
Summary
Vaccines protect humanity against various diseases for many years. With the widespread use of vaccines, the spread of some diseases has decreased in the world.[1]. Inactivated vaccines are generally produced in the egg or cell culture and are partially safer than live attenuated vaccines, as they are formed by ip inactivating the purified disease agent by chemical, heat treatment, or radiation. Toxoid vaccines are r obtained by inactivating bacterial toxins by chemical or heat treatment. Conventional vaccines have many disadvantages, such as the risk of revirulence of live attenuated vaccines and the risk of infection in those with immunodeficiency, s inactivated vaccines being less effective than attenuated vaccines, and commercial vaccines based on toxoids that require complex components in the culture medium.[3,4,5,6,7] For this reason, u the development of alternative vaccines is necessary for both cancer and infectious diseases
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