Abstract
Paramagnetic species such as O2 and free radicals can enhance T1 and T2 relaxation times. If the change in relaxation time is sufficiently large, the contrast will be generated in magnetic resonance images. Since radiation is known to be capable of altering the concentration of O2 and free radicals during water radiolysis, it may be possible for radiation to induce MR signal change. We present the first reported instance of x-ray-induced MR signal changes in water phantoms and investigate potential paramagnetic relaxation enhancement mechanisms associated with radiation chemistry changes in oxygen and free radical concentrations. Images of water and 10 mM coumarin phantoms were acquired on a 0.35 T MR-linac before, during, and after a dose delivery of 80Gy using an inversion-recovery dual-echo sequence with water nullified. Radiation chemistry simulations of these conditions were performed to calculate changes in oxygen and free radical concentrations. Published relaxivity values were then applied to calculate the resulting T1 change, and analytical MR signal equations were used to calculate the associated signal change. Compared to pre-irradiation reference images, water phantom images taken during and after irradiation showed little to no change, while coumarin phantom images showed a small signal loss in the irradiated region with a contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of 1.0-2.5. Radiation chemistry simulations found oxygen depletion of -11µM in water and -31µM in coumarin, resulting in a T1 lengthening of 24ms and 68ms respectively, and a simulated CNR of 1.0 and 2.8 respectively. This change was consistent with observations in both direction and magnitude. Steady-state superoxide, hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and hydrogen radical concentrations were found to contribute less than 1ms of T1 change. Observed radiation-induced MR signal changes were dominated by an oxygen depletion mechanism. Free radicals were concluded to play a minor secondary role under steady-state conditions. Future applications may include in vivo FLASH treatment verification but would require an MR sequence with a better signal-to-noise ratio and higher temporal resolution than the one used in this study.
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