MRBEE: A bias-corrected multivariable Mendelian randomization method

Abstract

Mendelian randomization (MR) is an instrumental variable approach used to infer causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, which is becoming increasingly popular because of its ability to handle summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, existing MR approaches often suffer the bias from weak instrumental variables, horizontal pleiotropy and sample overlap. We introduce MRBEE (MR using Bias corrected Estimating Equation), a multivariable MR method capable of simultaneously removing weak instrument and sample overlap bias and identifying horizontal pleiotropy. Our extensive simulations and real data analyses reveal that MRBEE provides nearly unbiased estimates of causal effects, well-controlled type I error rates and higher power than comparably robust methods and is computationally efficient. Our real data analyses result in consistent causal effect estimates and offer valuable guidance for conducting multivariable MR studies, elucidating the roles of pleiotropy, and identifying total 42 horizontal pleiotropic loci missed previously that are associated with myopia, schizophrenia, and coronary artery disease.