Abstract
It appeared that either the carbon paste or the screen-printed carbon electrodes that were modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) gave rise to the largest current responses after a rapid screening of various nanomaterials as modifiers of carbon composite electrodes in view of designing an electrochemical sensor for Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride (Moxi). The screen-printed electrode (SPE) support was preferred over the carbon paste one for its ability to be used as disposable single-use sensor enabling the circumvention of the problems of surface fouling encountered in the determination of Moxi. The response of AuNPs modified SPE to Moxi was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) (including the effect of the potential scan rate and the pH of the medium), chronoamperometry, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) after morphological and physico-chemical characterization. DPV was finally applied to Moxi detection in phosphate buffer at pH 7, giving rise to an accessible concentration window ranging between 8 µM and 0.48 mM, and the detection and quantification limits were established to be 11.6 µM and 38.6 µM, correspondingly. In order to estimate the applicability of Moxi identification scheme in actual trials, it was practiced in a human baby urine sample with excellent recoveries between 99.8 % and 101.6 % and RSDs of 1.1–3.4%, without noticeable interference.
Highlights
Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride (Moxi) (1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1, 4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-[(4aS, 7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl] 4-oxo-3 quinoline carboxylic acid) is an antimicrobial fluoroquinolone of low toxicity and antimicrobial [1,2] versus bacteria, both gram (+ve) and gram (−ve) [3]
Carbon paste electrodes modified with various nanomaterials were first prepared and characterized and screened by cyclic voltammetry as a test to evidence the most appropriate additive to the carbon composite electrode for the electrochemical detection of Moxi
When investigated in 1 mM Moxi solution, from cyclic voltammetry (CV), EIS and calibration data, and the best performance was obtained with the composite carbon electrodes covered with gold nanoparticles
Summary
Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride (Moxi) (1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1, 4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-[(4aS, 7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl] 4-oxo-3 quinoline carboxylic acid) is an antimicrobial fluoroquinolone (antibiotics family) of low toxicity and antimicrobial [1,2] versus bacteria, both gram (+ve) and gram (−ve) [3]. Like Moxi, is an important request [6], so that several conventional protocols were operated for this purpose, such as HPLC [7,8], HPLC-UV [9], capillary electrophoresis [10], fluorimetric [11], and chemiluminescence [12] These techniques were sensitive, but they are usually expensive and time consuming, and they may require quite sophisticated protocols [13]. Previous examples in the literature are based on various electrodes, like glassy carbon electrode [14], carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) [15,16], and/or molecularly imprinted polymers on electrodes [17]
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