Abstract

[In the mouthparts of the crayfish, we find the flagellar exopods of the symmetrical 1st, 2nd, and 3rd maxillipeds, which do not participate in food processing but occasionally generate water currents by their repetitive beating. Earlier, we have observed and filmed the flagellar movements in freely behaving Procambarus cubensis reared in the laboratory, and suggested that these movements were an overt expression of the excited state of the crayfish. Recently, we used a high-speed scan camera (100-240 fps) to observe and document the flagellar movements in the tethered crayfish. Beating of all six flagella occurs with the same frequency (8.3-8.4 Hz). There is, however, an obvious phase shift between various ipsilateral and bilaterally symmetrical flagella. All right and left flagella can beat simultaneously, or only one side can be active. Each flagellum can stop for a short time, which, however, has no influence on the beating of the other flagella. Flagellar movements seen in slowly displayed video-movies are complex and variable in their trajectories, and each flagellum is moving in its own manner. It is suggested that each flagellum has its own central pattern generator, and that activation of all ipsilateral flagella concurrently is established by common higher commands. Dans la zone buccale de l'ecrevisse se trouvent, en symetrie, les exopodites flagelliformes des maxillipedes 1, 2 et 3, qui ne participent pas a l'alimentation, mais de temps en temps creent un courant d'eau par leur battement repete. Nous avons deja observe et filme leurs mouvements chez des Procambarus cubensis maintenues librement en elevage au laboratoire et suggere que ces mouvements sont l'expression de l'etat d'excitation de l'ecrevisse. Recemment, nous avons utilise une camera ultra-sensible (100-240 fps) pour observer et preciser les mouvements chez des ecrevisses entravees. Le battement des six flagelles se fait avec la meme frequence (8,3-8,4 Hz). Il y a cependant, une phase evidente de changement entre divers flagelles symetriques homolateraux et bilateraux. Tous les flagelles droits et gauches peuvent battre simultanement ou un seul cote peut etre actif. Chaque flagelle peut s'arreter pendant un petit moment, sans que cela ait une influence sur le battement des autres. Les mouvements flagellaires observes au ralenti sont complexes et variables dans leur trajectoire, et chaque flagelle bouge de sa propre facon. Il est suggere que chaque flagelle a son propre centre de determination, et que l'activation de tous les flagelles du meme cote est etablie par une commande superieure commune., In the mouthparts of the crayfish, we find the flagellar exopods of the symmetrical 1st, 2nd, and 3rd maxillipeds, which do not participate in food processing but occasionally generate water currents by their repetitive beating. Earlier, we have observed and filmed the flagellar movements in freely behaving Procambarus cubensis reared in the laboratory, and suggested that these movements were an overt expression of the excited state of the crayfish. Recently, we used a high-speed scan camera (100-240 fps) to observe and document the flagellar movements in the tethered crayfish. Beating of all six flagella occurs with the same frequency (8.3-8.4 Hz). There is, however, an obvious phase shift between various ipsilateral and bilaterally symmetrical flagella. All right and left flagella can beat simultaneously, or only one side can be active. Each flagellum can stop for a short time, which, however, has no influence on the beating of the other flagella. Flagellar movements seen in slowly displayed video-movies are complex and variable in their trajectories, and each flagellum is moving in its own manner. It is suggested that each flagellum has its own central pattern generator, and that activation of all ipsilateral flagella concurrently is established by common higher commands. Dans la zone buccale de l'ecrevisse se trouvent, en symetrie, les exopodites flagelliformes des maxillipedes 1, 2 et 3, qui ne participent pas a l'alimentation, mais de temps en temps creent un courant d'eau par leur battement repete. Nous avons deja observe et filme leurs mouvements chez des Procambarus cubensis maintenues librement en elevage au laboratoire et suggere que ces mouvements sont l'expression de l'etat d'excitation de l'ecrevisse. Recemment, nous avons utilise une camera ultra-sensible (100-240 fps) pour observer et preciser les mouvements chez des ecrevisses entravees. Le battement des six flagelles se fait avec la meme frequence (8,3-8,4 Hz). Il y a cependant, une phase evidente de changement entre divers flagelles symetriques homolateraux et bilateraux. Tous les flagelles droits et gauches peuvent battre simultanement ou un seul cote peut etre actif. Chaque flagelle peut s'arreter pendant un petit moment, sans que cela ait une influence sur le battement des autres. Les mouvements flagellaires observes au ralenti sont complexes et variables dans leur trajectoire, et chaque flagelle bouge de sa propre facon. Il est suggere que chaque flagelle a son propre centre de determination, et que l'activation de tous les flagelles du meme cote est etablie par une commande superieure commune.]

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