Abstract

This article analyzes the relationship between violence and the illicit drug market by comparing retail drug trade in the <em>favelas</em> and peripheral neighborhoods of the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. To do so, we carried out ethnographical field work in both cities and a literature review on the topic. Considering illegal markets and forces of order in charge of suppressing them as part of one single object of study, this article explores the mechanics of the relationship between drug trafficking and the police and how it governs the lives and deaths of the poor population in those cities. Rio and São Paulo showcase different scenarios in terms of how the drug trade is structured and practiced: Whereas Rio de Janeiro lives in a state of ‘war’ due to the disputes among rival drug factions and with the police (who is thus more lethal), São Paulo is believed to live ‘at peace’, as trafficking is controlled by one single <em>comando</em> and the city showcases higher incarceration rates. We shall argue that such differences also influence the way the retail drug market operates in each city. This comparison focuses on the intersection of three dimensions: The marketplaces of drug retail sales; the dynamics of criminal collectives; and the different power dynamics among drug dealers and forces of order. O presente artigo reflete sobre a relação entre mercado ilegal de drogas e violência, a partir da comparação do mercado varejista de drogas em favelas e bairros de periferias das cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. As reflexões aqui apresentadas baseiam-se no trabalho de campo etnográfico realizado nas duas cidades, bem como a revisão de estudos sobre o tema. Tomando os mercados ilegais e as forças da ordem encarregadas de combate-los como parte do mesmo objeto de pesquisa, o presente artigo explora a mecânica das relações entre tráfico de drogas e polícia, envolvida na gestão da vida e morte da população pobre. Em face às guerras concorrenciais entre facções cariocas e a ideia de paz associada à hegemonia de um único comando em São Paulo, bem como a maior letalidade da ação policial no Rio de Janeiro e o maior encarceramento em São Paulo, será argumentado que essas diferenças se relacionam também ao modo como é operada a venda varejista de drogas em cada cidade. A comparação concentra-se no cruzamento de três dimensões: os lugares de mercado do varejo de drogas; as dinâmicas dos coletivos criminais; e os distintos arranjos de poder estabelecidos entre os traficantes e os agentes das forças da ordem. <strong>Publisher's Note:</strong> This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the "Download" link and select "PDF (PT)". Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Inglês, como em Português. Para baixar a versão em Português, clique "Download" e depois selecione "PDF (PT)".

Highlights

  • The most common representation of Rio de Janeiro at national and international levels nowadays is that of armed conflicts between policemen and armed drug dealers

  • Rio de Janeiro, in its turn, saw an increase in incarceration rates, but is still below national average (301.09 prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants), and, thanks to frequent police armed incursions carried out in the favelas, the state has the country’s highest death rates due to law enforcement’s use of lethal force (Cano 1997; Misse et al 2013). When it comes to criminal collectives, we see opposing segments segregated inside prisons and competing for control over territories for drug sales in Rio de Janeiro, whereas São Paulo has one single hegemonic comando in both prisons and territories across the city

  • This is the reason why the term responsa, refers to managerial positions occupied by dealers in drug retail firmas in Rio de Janeiro (Grillo 2013), while in São Paulo the term designates ‘political positions’ (Biondi 2010) or leadership roles (Marques 2014) occupied by Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) members in charge of ensuring ‘discipline within the comando’23 in prisons and quebradas24 (Biondi 2018)

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Summary

Introduction

The most common representation of Rio de Janeiro at national and international levels nowadays is that of armed conflicts between policemen and armed drug dealers. Rio de Janeiro, in its turn, saw an increase in incarceration rates, but is still below national average (301.09 prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants), and, thanks to frequent police armed incursions carried out in the favelas, the state has the country’s highest death rates due to law enforcement’s use of lethal force (Cano 1997; Misse et al 2013). When it comes to criminal collectives, we see opposing segments segregated inside prisons and competing for control over territories for drug sales in Rio de Janeiro, whereas São Paulo has one single hegemonic comando in both prisons and territories across the city. Our aim was not breaking down each dimension, but rather, understanding how they connect to one another in order to understand such particular type of urban economy as well as its social and political consequences

The Drug Trade Marketplaces
Criminal Collectives
Findings
Final Considerations
Full Text
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