Abstract
This study investigated the strategies used by elite golfers to scale their putting actions to achieve putts of different distances. There were three aims; to determine if putting actions are scaled by manipulating swing amplitude as predicted by Craig etal. (2000), to establish the test–retest reliability of the Craig et al. model, and to evaluate whether elite golfers changed their putting scaling strategies when fatigued. Putting actions were recorded at baseline (time 1) and 6 months later (time 2) and after walking at 70% of maximum heart rate for 1 h (time 3). Participants performed a total of 80 putts which varied in distance (1 m, 2 m, 3 m, and 4 m) at time 1 and time 2, and 100 putts to the same distances when they were fatigued (time 3). Multiple regression was used to examine how the golfers systematically changed the movement control variables in the Craig etal. (2000) model to achieve golf putts of different distances. Although swing amplitude was a strong predictor of putterhead velocity at ball impact for all of the participants at baseline (time 1), each golfer systematically changed aspects of the timing of their action. A comparison of the regression models between time 1 and time 2 showed no significant changes in the scaling strategies used, indicating that the Craig etal. (2000) model had good test–retest reliability. Fatigue was associated with a decrease in the number of putts that were successfully holed and significant changes in the scaling strategies used by three of the golfers, along with a trend for increasing the putterhead velocity at ball impact. These motor control changes in performance when fatigued were evident in successful putts indicating that even when these elite golfers were able to achieve the goal of holing the putt, moderate levels of fatigue were influencing the consistency of their performance. Theoretical implications for the Craig etal. (2000) model and practical implications for elite golfers are discussed.
Highlights
Success in golf putting requires the golfer to perceive a putt distance and green characteristics translate this perception into an action where the ball is struck by the putterhead with an appropriate force and direction (Pelz, 2000; Penner, 2002; Hume et al, 2005)
Based on a kinematic analysis of the putting action they devised a model that could be used to describe how different putt distances are produced. If developed this model could have significant application for coaching practitioners and the research community as it may provide a description of how an elite golfer produces putts of different distances, the relative stability of this behavior, and whether certain scaling strategies make the golfer more susceptible to errors when they are in competitive situations
A series of pilot tests showed that the proportion of energy loss at ball impact and the retarding force on the ball were relatively constant and linear regressions of putterhead velocity (Vc2)against putt distance, where putts were not aimed at a hole, gave r2 values comparable to those reported by Craig et al (2000)
Summary
Success in golf putting requires the golfer to perceive a putt distance and green characteristics (i.e., the speed of the putting surface, the degree of slope, and “borrow”) translate this perception into an action where the ball is struck by the putterhead with an appropriate force and direction (Pelz, 2000; Penner, 2002; Hume et al, 2005). If developed this model could have significant application for coaching practitioners and the research community as it may provide a description of how an elite golfer produces putts of different distances (their scaling strategy), the relative stability of this behavior, and whether certain scaling strategies make the golfer more susceptible to errors when they are in competitive situations This could form the basis of an intervention procedure where a golfer’s scaling strategy is identified and tested under different conditions to determine the extent to which it remains robust and effective under the physical and mental conditions of competitive play
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