Abstract
Studies have found physical inactivity to be a significant health risk factor and have demonstrated how physical inactivity behaviour varies according to social background. As a result, differences according to social background must be considered when examining motives and barriers related to physical activity and sport. This scoping review examines motives and barriers related to physical activity and sport among people with different social backgrounds, including age, socioeconomic status, gender, ethnic minority background and disability status. A systematic literature search was performed in four scientific databases and yielded 2935 articles of which 58 articles met the inclusion criteria. We identified common motives for physical activity and sport as health benefits, well-being, enjoyment, social interaction, and social support; common barriers as time restrictions, fatigue and lack of energy, financial restrictions, health-related restrictions, low motivation, and shortage of facilities. We also identified several motives and barriers that were specific to or more pronounced among people with different social backgrounds. The knowledge about motives and barriers related to physical activity and sport provided in this article can inform health promotion initiatives that seek to improve public health both in general and when specifically targeting groups of people with different social backgrounds.
Highlights
Studies have found physical inactivity to be a significant health risk factor, and a decrease in physical inactivity behaviour has been predicted to significantly improve population health and increase life expectancy [1,2]
A totalFor of 58 studies dealtofwith the link between motives andwas barriers relatedto extract data identification common themes, a spreadsheet developed to physical activity and social background
It is recommendable that efforts to promote physical activity should consider both the common motives and barriers as well as the motives and barriers that were found to be specific to or more pronounced among people with particular social background characteristics
Summary
Studies have found physical inactivity to be a significant health risk factor, and a decrease in physical inactivity behaviour has been predicted to significantly improve population health and increase life expectancy [1,2]. There is strong evidence for the positive effects of physical activity and sport participation on various physical health parameters [3,4,5] as well as mental health parameters [6,7]. There is ample evidence to support the need for health promotion initiatives to focus on physical activity and sport as useful instruments in initiatives that seek to improve public health. Illustrates that the promotion of participation in physical activity and sport is a complex undertaking. Factors at different levels affect the health behaviour of individuals. Five levels at various distances from the individual are addressed in the model, including the intrapersonal, interpersonal, organisational, community and public policy level [9,10]
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