Abstract
Abstract The concept of motivation has a complex and contentious history, and many issues remain unresolved today. Plato and most of the ancient Greek philosophers regarded human behaviour as being the result of rational and voluntary processes, with individuals being free to choose whatever course of action their reason dictates. This view, called ‘rationalism’, persists to this day. Thomas Aquinas, in the thirteenth century, regarded animal behaviour as being determined by sensuous desire, though he appeared to recognize some elementary process of judgement in animals: ‘Others act from some kind of choice, such as irrational animals, for the sheep flies from the wolf by a kind of judgement whereby it considers it to be hurtful to itself; such a judgement is not a free one but implanted by nature’.
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