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Abstract
The second law of thermodynamics, i.e. the law stating that the entropy in isolated macroscopic system can never decrease, is tightly connected to the work of the device called perpetual motion machine of second kind. Often this law is also defined as the inability to construct such a device. In the current paper we give complete, independent and consistent definitions of static, stationary and changing physical field. Based on that for the first time we give summarising, correct and complete definitions of natural resource machine and perpetual motion machine of second kind as well as motion machine of second kind in the set of tardyons and luxons. We present a principal structure of a motion machine of second kind using which we show that the Clausius statement and its equivalent statements in the thermodynamics can be violated for a practically big interval-time even under equilibrium fluctuations.
Highlights
Let be the set of tardyons and luxons in a given macroscopic system
We present a principal structure of such a machine and exactly using it we show that the Clausius statement in thermodynamics can be violated for a practically big interval-time even under equilibrium fluctuations
In order to be able to strictly define a natural resource machine, perpetual motion machine of second kind and perpetual motion machine of second kind we will give a few definitions in respect to the term physical field
Summary
Let be the set of tardyons and luxons in a given macroscopic system. Tardyons and luxons are abovevacuum particles with respectively positive and zero standard rest masses which exist even freely in a physical three dimensional space. The neutrino as well as the hypothetical particles gravitons the definite existence of which has not been experimentally proven yet. In the set all the unsuccessful attempts in the history of humanity to create a perpetual motion machine of second kind have taken place [1]. In this paper we give for the first time summarising, correct and complete definitions in of natural resource machine and of perpetual motion machine of second kind. (Strict definitions of these terms are not given anywhere in the literature.) We define in a new term—motion machine of second kind. We present a principal structure of such a machine and exactly using it we show that the Clausius statement in thermodynamics (and its equivalent statements) can be violated for a practically big interval-time even under equilibrium fluctuations
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