Motherhood in Female Same-Sex Couples: Reception of Oocytes from Partner (ROPA method): Review Article

Abstract

The evolving concept of "family" reflects contemporary social changes, influenced by historical and cultural shifts. This review explores unconventional family models, focusing on same-sex families, particularly female same-sex couples. As advancements in assisted reproductive techniques (ART) empower these couples, the Reception of Oocytes from Partner (ROPA) method gains popularity. ROPA involves active participation of both partners in conception, with one as the oocyte provider and the other as the gestational mother. This review delves into clinical, ethical, and psychosocial aspects of ROPA, comparing it with other ART options like donor intrauterine insemination (DIUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF). A comprehensive bibliographic search conducted in 2023 forms the basis of this exploration. Historical perspectives on ART's acceptance for same-sex couples, legislative changes, and global variations in donor anonymity are discussed. The ROPA method's procedural details, including donor selection and the roles of the genetic and gestational mothers, are outlined. The review also emphasizes the impact of donor anonymity laws on decision-making. Roles and responsibilities in the ROPA method are explored, with a focus on the reciprocal and reverse ROPA approaches. Medical indications, potential benefits, and the impact on obstetric risks are scrutinized. The review concludes with insights into motherhood in female same-sex couples, highlighting the prevalence of children raised in such families across diverse regions in the United States. This comprehensive examination aims to provide practitioners and patients with valuable insights into the clinical, ethical, and psychosocial dimensions of the ROPA method, fostering a better understanding of its advantages in comparison to other ART options.