Moth versus fly: a preliminary study of the pollination mode of two species of endemic Asteraceae from St Helena (Commidendrum robustum and C. rugosum) and its conservation implications.

Mikko Paajanen,Quentin Cronk

doi:10.3897/bdj.8.e52057

Abstract

Commidendrum robustum (Roxb.) DC. (St Helena gumwood) and C. rugosum (Dryand.) DC. (St Helena scrubwood) are ecologically important, endemic woody Asteraceae from the isolated South Atlantic island of St Helena. Once very abundant, they now exist in sparse fragmented populations due to 500 years of environmental destruction. They are sister taxa that evolved on the island and are reported to hybridise. Commidendrum rugosum has a saucer-like erect capitulum, whereas C. robustum has a somewhat globular hanging capitulum. Using daytime timelapse photography to follow capitula through their life cycle, we found that C. rugosum appears to be myophilous, visited largely by flies (including the endemic syrphid, Sphaerophoria beattiei Doesburg & Doesburg) and occasionally by Lepidoptera. Commidendrum robustum, on the other hand, although visited by flies, strongly attracts moths (especially noted at the Millennium Forest site). Our data suggest that moth visits may reduce visits from flies due to the sensitivity of flies to interference by other insects. We conclude that C. robustum may have a mixed syndrome of myophily/phalaenophily and that there is apparently some divergence of the pollination niche between the two species. Its potential in attracting moths, coupled with its former abundance, suggests that it may have been a major food source for adults of the numerous endemic moths. Pollinator activity was measured by insect visitation rates (mean visits per capitulum per day, V) and insect residence time (mean pollinator kiloseconds per capitulum per day, R). Both are higher for C. robustum (C. rugosum, V = 16.4, R = 3.101; C. robustum, V = 34.0, R = 8.274), reflecting the abundance of moths on the capitula at the Millennium Forest site. The conservation implications of the pollination mode are that: (1) there is considerable pollinator activity on the capitula and pollination is not currently a limiting factor for plant reproduction; (2) gene exchange between geographically-isolated populations of C. rugosum is likely to be minimal due to the apparent reliance of the species for pollination on small flies (especially Sphaerophoria beattiei), which are believed to be not effective as pollinators over long distances (> 1 km). A possible exception is the strong-flying drone-fly, Eristalis tenax Linn. which, although not as abundant as Sphaerophoria, does visit the flowers; (3) there is considerable overlap between the two species in flower visitors and interspecific pollen transfer is possible where the two species grow intermixed (which has potential positive and negative implications for species survival).

Highlights

St Helena, an isolated Miocene volcanic oceanic island of 121.7 km2, has a remarkable endemic flora (Ashmole and Ashmole 2000, Cronk and Ninnes 2000)
Commidendrum robustum (Roxb.) DC. (St Helena gumwood) and C. rugosum (Dryand.) DC. (St Helena scrubwood) are closely related (Eastwood et al 2004), but morphologically and ecologically clearly distinct species (Fig. 1), the former being a middle-sized tree occupying dry and moist forests in the intermediate elevations and the latter one being a small to middle-sized shrub occupying dry semi-deserts and inland cliff areas (Ashmole and Ashmole 2000, Cronk and Ninnes 2000, Lambdon 2012, Cronk 1989)
One Commidendrum robustum capitulum was followed in the Millennium Forest for 11 days (24 May – 3 June) in 2018, which covered the whole active flowering period of the capitulum

Summary

Introduction

St Helena, an isolated Miocene volcanic oceanic island of 121.7 km, has a remarkable endemic flora (Ashmole and Ashmole 2000, Cronk and Ninnes 2000). (St Helena scrubwood) are closely related (Eastwood et al 2004), but morphologically and ecologically clearly distinct species (Fig. 1), the former being a middle-sized tree occupying dry and moist forests in the intermediate elevations and the latter one being a small to middle-sized shrub occupying dry semi-deserts and inland cliff areas (Ashmole and Ashmole 2000, Cronk and Ninnes 2000, Lambdon 2012, Cronk 1989). These two species are known to hybridise with each other in areas where they are growing in sympatry, forming morphotypes intermediate to both of the parental species (Eastwood et al 2004).

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Discussion

Conclusion