Mortality risk of loneliness: Culture matters.

Abstract

Does loneliness predict premature death? Much prior research suggests so, but this evidence draws primarily on populations from individualistic societies, such as North America and Western Europe. Here, we aimed to extend this evidence by testing a hypothesis that loneliness would predict greater mortality risk in collectivistic societies, where social interdependence is normatively sanctioned. Using a harmonized dataset from two individualistic (England and the United States) and two collectivistic (Korea and Mexico) countries (combined N = 41,869), we tested whether cultural contexts moderate the extent to which loneliness predicts 10-year all-cause mortality. After adjustment of demographic variables and health behaviors, loneliness was associated with increased 10-year mortality in all four countries, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.13 in England, 1.21 in the United States and Mexico, and 1.51 in Korea. When health conditions were additionally controlled, this association became negligible in two individualistic countries, with HRs of 0.98 for both England and the United States. In contrast, the HR remained highly significant in Korea (HR = 1.27). Curiously, the mortality risk of loneliness in Mexico (HR = 1.03), another collectivistic country, was no different from the risks in England and the United States. When people feel that they are chronically isolated from social networks, this perception can be fatal in Korea, but it is less so in the other three countries. Discussion focuses on other cultural factors, besides the cultural dimension of individualism-collectivism, that may account for the current finding. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).