Mortality of the leafroller parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Hym Braconidae) exposed to orchard pesticide residues

In this study, effects of five different insecticides used in orchards on mortality of the parasitoid Itoplectis maculator of the leafroller pests [Archips rosana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)] were evaluated. Insecticides were applied to adult parasitoids in particular doses using a petri dish bioassay technique. Experiments were performed in five replicates and observed deaths were recorded periodically for 24 hours. Diazinon, Dichlorvos and Deltamethrin caused a 100% mortality rate at the end of the first 8-hour period, whereas Lambda-cyhalothrin and Alpha-cypermethrin caused the same mortality at the end of 24 hours. The ranking according to their effects on duration of mortality was Dichlorvos>Diazinon>Deltamethrin>Alpha-cypermethrin>Lambda-cyhalothrin. All these information will contribute to the development of biological control methods in orchards against leafroller pests.

A field spray trial and laboratory bioassay on the residual activity of indoxacarb (Avaunt) against Fullers rose weevil (FRW Naupactus cervinus) were carried out Plots in a block of Coxs Orange Pippin apples with FRW were sprayed with indoxacarb by airblast sprayer in November or midDecember 2014 There were no significant differences between the indoxacarb treatments but both treatments significantly reduced feeding damage on leaves compared with damage in untreated plots In a bioassay to assess residual activity of indoxacarb FRW on treated apple leaves ceased feeding and became moribund or died up to 98 days after the spray application FRW exposed to treated leaves ceased feeding earlier and died sooner than on untreated leaves Indoxacarb is registered for use in pipfruit to control leafroller and codling moth but does not have a label claim in New Zealand for use against FRW These results indicate the potential effectiveness of indoxacarb against FRW

A spray strategy to control woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum WAA) was assessed on apple orchards in Nelson Carbaryl applied for fruit thinning was either sprayed alone or combined with diazinon on Braeburn apples at four orchard sites infested with WAA The diazinon plus carbaryl treatment reduced WAA levels and there were lower numbers of WAAinfested shoots with considerably fewer colonies on branches and shoots in November Numbers of WAA colonies on shoots in January were 50 lower overall in the diazinon plus carbaryl treatment There was an initial decline in numbers of the WAA parasitoid Aphelinus mali in both treatments but they increased steadily during the season and high levels of parasitism were evident by harvest The parasitoid was able to suppress the lower populations of WAA in the diazinon plus carbaryl treatment and this resulted in significantly lower levels of WAA shoot and fruit infestation and bud damage in late March

Two field experiments were conducted one at Vellan Koil in winter season cotton cultivar - MCU 5 during January to April 2008 and the other at Erangkattur on Cultivar -Surabhi during May to September 2008. Both the field experiments were conducted in erode districts of Tamil Nadu to evaluate the safety of new formulation emamectin benzoate 5 SG at different doses (emamectin benzoate 5 SG at 7, 11 and 15 g a.i. / ha) in comparison with standard check, Proclaim® at 11 g a.i. / ha (emamectin benzoate 5 SG) which is a registered product of Syngenta and spinosad 45 SC at 75 g a.i. / ha) to coccinellid predators in cotton ecosystem. Observation on the population of coccinellids were made prior to spraying and on 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after spraying from ten randomly tagged plants per plot and the mean population was worked out. The results showed that emamectin benzoate 5 SG was found safer to coccinellids at all the tested concentrations. The highest population was recorded in plots treated with emamectin benzoate 5 SG at 7 g a.i. / ha followed by emamectin benzoate 5 SG at 11 g a.i. / ha. Key words: Safety, emamectin benzoate 5 SG, coccinellids, cotton ecosystem.

A lot of indigenous natural control agent of citrus pests were determined in Turkey. Among them, Binodoxys angelicae were also reported as a parasitoids of Aphis gossypii . Natural balance in citrus ecosystem was degraded day by day, because of uncontrolled usage of plant protection products. Though unconscious pesticide usage, B. angelicae has 56,4% ratio of all the ascertained parasitoids in the one of the last research carried out in East Mediterarnean regin of Turkey. Because of this reason, this study were established with plant protection products like spinosad, chlorpyrifos-ethyl, summer oil, paraffinic oil, spirotetramat, pyriproxyfen against adult and pupa of target parasitoid by using dried film and leaf-dip bioassay methods. Results were evaluated according to IOBC standards and chlorpyrifos- ethyl were classified as forth class (toxic), because all adult parasitoids were died at the end of the first two ours. While Paraffinic oil and summer oil were determined as fourth class at the end of the 24 hours, Pyriproxyfen was included in it after 48 hours. Spinosad was included in slightly harmless class, spirotetramat were included the same class with control. Chlorpyrifos- ethyl, paraffinic oil and summer oil are in harmful class (Class 4), pyriproxyfen is in slightly harmless class (Class 2), Spinosad ve Spirotetramat and control were categorised in harmless class (Class 1) in terms of preadult stages results.

Binary and ternary toxicological interactions of clothianidin and eight commonly used pesticides on honey bees (Apis mellifera)

BackgroundHousefly, Musca domestica L., causes a variety of health problems for humans and animals. Therefore, the management of houseflies is crucial to prevent health threat caused by diseases transmitted by this vector.MethodsInsecticidal activity of five microbial insecticides against larvae and adults of M. domestica was assessed under laboratory conditions. To evaluate the toxicity against for third instar larvae, the microbial insecticides, abamectin (AB), emamectin benzoate (EB), ivermectin (IV), spinosad (SP) and spinetoram (SI), were mixed individually with food-media at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg, while in case of adults, the insecticides were tested at 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 ml/L in sugar water solution.ResultsThe results showed that all tested microbial insecticides were highly toxic against larvae. The maximum larvicidal activity was achieved by EB with LC50 value of 0.05 mg/kg, followed by AB, IV, SP and SI with LC50 values of 2.02, 2.05, 2.09 and 8.06 mg/kg after 72 h of exposure, respectively. Likewise, treatments with EB (4.0 mg/kg) and AB (8.0 mg/kg) caused a complete suppression of adult emergence and a strong reduction of pupation (0.0 and 37.5%), respectively. Furthermore, the three microbial insecticides, AB (LC50 = 0.04 and 0.03 ml/L), EB (LC50 = 0.05 and 0.03 ml/L) and IV (LC50 = 0.10 and 0.03 ml/L), showed a strong toxicity against M. domestica adults after 24 and 48 h of exposure, respectively.ConclusionsBased on these findings, the investigated microbial insecticides, especially EB and AB, could be applied in IPM programs of M. domestica.

The fast–growing global concern of food safety has resulted in increased monitoring of pesticide residues in food products. In this study, 250 different samples of fruits (apple, orange) and vegetables (leafy vegetables, tomato, cucumber and lettuce) were collected from terminal markets in East Azerbaijan and Ardabil provinces of Iran and analyzed to investigate the presence of 23 widely used pesticide residues using gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The obtained results showed that some chemical contents of the evaluated samples exceeded the Codex maximum residue levels (MRLs). These chemicals included 2,4–DDT, malathion, bioallethrin, cypermethrin, carbaryl, diazinon, tebuconazole, and trifloxystrobin in leafy vegetables; diniconazole, bromopropylate, and chlorpyrifos in tomatoes; imazalil in oranges; phosmet, piperonyl–butoxide, and imazalil in cucumbers; propoxur in apples; and metalaxyl, bioallethrin, and diazinon in lettuces. These results play an alarm to consumers who are concerned about the pesticide residues in their foods.

In kiwifruit orchards the European earwig Forficula auricularia L can be a useful predator of scale insects However insecticide use may reduce earwig numbers and previous work indicated that diazinon residues caused high mortality of earwigs Diazinon has been replaced by several insecticides in the crop protection programme In this study late instar earwigs which are the stages found in the canopy prior to flowering were exposed to residues of preblossom insecticides thiacloprid (Calypso) thiamethoxam (Actara) and spirotetramat (Movento) following spray applications in spring Adult earwigs were exposed to residues of chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) following an application in March when adults only are present in vines One earwig was placed in each of thirty Petri dishes three vines per treatment with two 5cm cane segments cut from sprayed vines and kept at 20C Relative to controls there was no additional mortality of earwig nymphs following exposure to preblossom insecticide residues from 115 days after spraying All adult earwigs survived one nights exposure to chlorpyrifos residues but after five successive nights mortality ranged from 10 to 90 up to 7 days after spraying suggesting an accumulative response

Feeding by leafroller larvae damages grape bunches and makes them susceptible to Botrytis cinerea disease Leafroller infestation of foliage and bunches and the incidence of botrytis was measured on vineyards in Gisborne Hawkes Bay and Marlborough over 2 years Fortyfour blocks received no leafrolleractive insecticides while 22 were sprayed once preflowering with the selective insect growth regulator tebufenozide Tebufenozide very effectively reduced infestations and gave seasonlong control On leaves untreated blocks averaged 14 leafrollers/search compared with 4 on sprayed blocks Comparative figures for fruit at harvest were 18/100 bunches and 3/100 respectively There was a trend for lower botrytis incidence in blocks where tebufenozide was used Over 99 of the leafrollers reared were Epiphyas postvittana Parasitism of larvae and pupae at 67 on leaves and 50 in bunches was similar in untreated and treated blocks Epiphyas postvittana in vineyards is easily managed using tebufenozide which did not compromise biological control

Toxicities of 26 pesticides against 10 biological control species

The melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), is an important pest of cucurbit crops. Application of poison baits is the major strategy recommended by the government for the melon fly control. This study was conducted to screen out effective neonicotinoids and antibiotic insecticides with no-choice (only a poisoned bait being provided) and choice (a non-poison bait being provided together with a poisoned bait) tests in the laboratory. It helps in providing important information for the selection of low-toxic insecticide additives for melon fly baits that reduces the harmful effects imposed on the environments and the farmers, as well as increasing the insecticide options to reduce the development of insecticide resistance. Results of no-choice tests showed that the neonicotinoidsthiamethoxam, clothianidin, and dinotefuran, and the antibiotic insecticides-emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, and spinosad added to the adult foods elicited high lethal effects to the melon flies. These selected neonicotinoids resulted in approximately 50% mortalities which was a little lower than 60% mortalities caused by the selected antibiotic insecticides. However, both insecticide groups all made the melon fly mortalities reached 95% at the end of 72-h experimental periods. Results also showed that the rates of melon fly mortalities induced by emamectin benzoate and spinetoram were faster than that induced by spinosad, a registered insecticide additive for fruit fly food baits, and the mortality rates by the thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and dinotefuran were similar to the spinosad. Choice tests indicated that both the selected neonicotinoids and antibiotic insecticides caused limited deterrent effects, but substantial insecticidal toxicities to the melon flies. Collectively, this study suggests that the above selected insecticides and abamectin, the one with a little less lethality, deserve further investigations for their potential as effective insecticide additive in the melon fly baits.

Glutaredoxins and thioredoxin peroxidase involved in defense of emamectin benzoate induced oxidative stress in Grapholita molesta

Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito de inseticidas sobre larvas de duas populações de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), oriundas de pomares de Bento Gonçalves e Vacaria, RS. O trabalho foi realizado em laboratório (25±2°C, UR de 70±10% e fotofase de 12 horas) avaliando-se inseticidas, nas concentrações indicadas pelos fabricantes e/ou que estão em fase de pesquisa para o controle da mariposa oriental, lagarta enroladeira e mosca-das-frutas na cultura da macieira. Os inseticidas e dosagens (g ou mL do p.c./100L de água) avaliados foram: fosmet (Imidan 500 PM - 200), metoxifenozide (Intrepid 240 SC - 60), tebufenozide (Mimic 240 SC - 60), benzoato de emamectina (Proclaim 5 SG - 15), spinosad (Tracer 480 SC - 20), etofenprox (Trebon 100 SC - 150), clorpirifós etil (Lorsban 480 BR - 150) e testemunha (somente água). As pulverizações foram realizadas em larvas de primeiro ínstar utilizando torre de Potter. Avaliaram-se a sobrevivência e a duração das fases de larva e pupa e, a fecundidade e a fertilidade dos adultos sobreviventes. A toxicidade dos produtos foi calculada em função do efeito total (E) de cada produto, conforme recomendações da IOBC. Para larvas de primeiro ínstar do crisopídeo oriundas de Bento Gonçalves, benzoato de emamectina, foi classificado como inofensivo (classe 1); metoxifenozide, etofenprox, tebufenozide, spinosad e fosmet, como levemente nocivos (classe 2) e clorpirifós, como nocivo (classe 4). Já para a população larval de C. externa de Vacaria, benzoato de emamectina, metoxifenozide, etofenprox, tebufenozide e spinosad foram inofensivos; fosmet mostrou-se moderadamente nocivo (classe 3) e clorpirifós foi nocivo.

شاخص تأثیر زیست‌محیطی (EIQ) یک روش محاسبه مخاطرات زیست‌محیطی آفت کش ها است. با اندازه گیری شاخص می‌توان به پر مخاطره ترین آفت‌کش استفاده شده از لحاظ زیست‌محیطی در یک منطقه پی برد و با جایگزینی آن با آفت‌کش دیگر، سلامت زیستی جامعه‌ای خاص را تأمین نمود و همچنین می‌توان با معرفی آفت‌کش‌های جایگزین و کم خطر یک محصول خاص، پایداری محصول در جامعه را سبب شد. برای ارزیابی مخطره زیست‌محیطی ناشی از کاربرد آفت‌کش‌ها در این تحقیق شاخص تأثیر زیست‌محیطی (EIQ) و اجزای آن (جز کارگر مزرعه، جز مصرف کننده و جز اکولوژیک) و شاخص تأثیر زیست محیطی مزرعه (EIQ-FUR) مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. مقدار این شاخص برای ماده مؤثره آفت‌کش‌های مصرفی در محصول گندم و جو در شهرستان مشهد تعیین شد و برای مقایسه آفت‌کش‌ها و روش‌های مدیریت آفت، شاخص EIQ-FUR محاسبه گردید. طبق نتایج به دست آمده، بیشترین خطر در جزء مصرف کننده و آبشویی و کارگر مزرعه، مربوط به قارچکش کاربندازیم بود. دیازینون کمترین خطر را در جزء کارگر مزرعه دارا بود. کمترین خطر در جزء مصرف‌کننده و آبشویی مربوط به حشره کش دلتامترین بود. در جزء اکولوژی بیشترین تخریب زیست‌محیطی توسط حشره‌کش دیازینون ایجاد می‌شد. قارچ‌کش کاربندازیم پرمخاطره‌ترین سم مصرفی در بین سموم مورد استفاده در مزارع گندم و جو در شهرستان مشهد شناخته شد. کمترین مقدار میانگین وزنی شاخص EIQ-FUR در کاربرد علف کش‌ها و بیشترین مقدار این شاخص در کاربرد قارچ کش‌ها دیده شد.