Abstract
Host anti-toxin immune responses play important roles in Clostridium difficile disease and outcome. The relationship between host immune and inflammatory responses during severe C. difficile infection (CDI) and the risk of mortality has yet to be defined. We aimed to investigate the host systemic IgG anti-toxin immune responses, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the infecting C. difficile ribotyped strain, and the host inflammatory markers and their relationship to CDI disease severity and risk of mortality. Inflammatory markers, co-morbidities and CDI outcomes were recorded in a prospective cohort of 150 CDI cases. Serum anti-cytotoxin A (TcdA) and anti-TcdB IgG titres were measured by ELISA and the infecting C. difficile isolate was ribotyped and the in vitro cytotoxin titre assessed. A low median anti-TcdA IgG titre was significantly associated with 30-day all-cause mortality (P<0.05). Ribotype 027 isolates were significantly more toxinogenic than other ribotypes (P<0.00001). High cytotoxin titres correlated with increased inflammatory markers but also higher anti-TcdA and -TcdB (P<0.05) IgG responses resulting in a lower risk of mortality. On multivariate analysis, predictors of mortality were peak white cell count >20 × 10(9) l(-1) [odds ratio (OR) 11.53; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.38-55.92], creatinine concentration >133 µmol l(-1) (OR 6.54; 95 % CI 1.47-29.07), Horn's index >3 (OR 4.09; 95 % CI 0.76-22.18) and low anti-TcdA IgG (OR 0.97; 95 % CI 0.95-0.99), but not ribotype, cytotoxin titre or anti-TcdB IgG. Thus, host pro-inflammatory and humoral responses correlate with the cytotoxin titre of the infecting strain and effective anti-toxin immune responses reduce the risk of mortality.
Highlights
C. difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and colitis and is associated with a wide range of symptoms, from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis and death
We investigated the role of in vitro cytotoxicity of the infecting C. difficile strain in influencing host inflammatory and immune responses
Stool samples were collected from 128 of 150 patients and C. difficile was isolated from the stool and assigned a ribotype and toxinotype for 93 patients
Summary
C. difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and colitis and is associated with a wide range of symptoms, from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis and death. Response has been shown to play an important role in mediating the outcome of colonization with C. difficile (Kyne et al, 2000), influencing the duration of disease (Warny et al, 1994) and determining the risk of recurrence (Kyne et al, 2001; Warny et al, 1994). High serum antitoxin IgG has demonstrated a degree of protection from severe, systemic CDI in animals (Johnson, 2012; Steele et al, 2012), but the direct relationship between the host anti-toxin immunoglobulin response in severe CDI and protection from fatal outcome has yet to be defined. Cases of severe CDI are increasing, reportedly associated with the emergence of ribotype 027/NAP-1/BI strain.
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