Abstract
AimsThe aims of this study were: a) to describe the pathological and laboratory findings in a case series of stranding and mortality associated with ingestion of large amounts of sea urchins in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), and b) to alert veterinarians and biologists involved in sea turtle conservation of this cause of stranding and/or death.MethodsThe six loggerheads studied were stranded on the coasts of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain, between 2008 and 2015. Post mortem studies included pathological, microbiological, and sea urchin species identification procedures.ResultsAll turtles showed severe intestinal impaction caused by large amounts of sea urchins, mainly affecting the colon and the caudal half of the small intestine. Histologically, severe focal fibrinonecrotic enteritis was diagnosed in two turtles. In the remaining turtles, lesions ranged from mild desquamation of the intestinal epithelium to severe congestion of the blood vessels of lamina propria, submucosa, muscular and serosa, and edema. Vibrio sp. was isolated from the spleen and intestinal mucosa of a loggerhead in which focal fibrinonecrotic enteritis had been diagnosed. In five turtles, all the remains were fragments from long-spined sea urchins (Diadema africanum); the last turtle contained a mixture of long-spined sea urchin (90%) and purple sea urchin (Sphaerechinus granularis) (10%) remains.ConclusionsAlthough the prevalence of this cause of stranding was low (< 1.6%) compared to other mortality causes, continued overfishing and anthropogenic climate change could increase its incidence. Intestinal impaction with large amounts of sea urchins should be included in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases in sea turtles, and the possible toxic effect of some sea urchin species on sea turtles should also be investigated.
Highlights
Conservation medicine is a discipline that links animal health with ecosystem health and global environmental change [1]
All turtles showed severe intestinal impaction caused by large amounts of sea urchins, mainly affecting the colon and the caudal half of the small intestine
All the remains were fragments from longspined sea urchins (Diadema africanum); the last turtle contained a mixture of long-spined sea urchin (90%) and purple sea urchin (Sphaerechinus granularis) (10%) remains
Summary
Conservation medicine is a discipline that links animal health with ecosystem health and global environmental change [1]. Clinical and pathological studies on stranded sea turtles are essential activities for sea turtle conservation around the world. Loggerhead diets are typically carnivorous, mainly comprised of mollusks and crustaceans that occur in neritic habitats, and to a lesser extent, fishes and cephalopods as discarded bycatch; sea urchins do not comprise an important part of their diet [3,4]. A variety of digestive diseases have been reported in loggerheads [5,6]. Some of them occur naturally, but other conditions, such as the digestive lesions associated with the ingestion of fishing hooks, fishing lines and crude oil, have an anthropogenic origin [5,7]
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