Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Cigarette Smoking in Qingdao, China.

Yani Wang,Hui Liu,Shanpeng Li,Xiaorong Jia,Peng Lin,Jibin Tan,Fei Qi,Yunning Liu,Meiyun Geng

doi:10.3390/ijerph13090898

Abstract

In China, smoking is the leading preventable cause of deaths by a disease. Estimating the disease burden attributable to smoking contributes to an evaluation of the adverse impact of smoking. To aid in policy change and implementation, this study estimated the population-attributable fractions (PAFs) of smoking, the all-cause mortality and the loss of life expectancy attributable to smoking in 2014 of Qingdao. PAFs were calculated using the smoking impact ratio (SIR) or current smoking rate (P) and relative risk (RR). We determined the smoking-attributable mortality by multiplying the smoking-attributable fraction by the total mortality. This study used the method of an abridged life table to calculate the loss of life expectancy caused by smoking. Smoking caused about 8635 deaths (6883 males, 1752 females), and accounted for 16% of all deaths; 22% in males and 8% in females. The leading causes of deaths attributable to smoking were lung cancer (38%), ischemic heart disease (19%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, 12%). The PAF for all causes was 22%; 30% in males and 10% in females. Tobacco use may cause a reduction of about 2.01 years of the loss of life expectancy; 3 years in males and 0.87 years in females. The findings highlight the need for taking effective measures to prevent initiation and induce cessation.

Highlights

Tobacco use is one of the most important public health concerns
Among the 6883 deaths caused by smoking in males, lung cancer, ischemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) deaths accounted for 65%
Among 1752 deaths caused by smoking in females, the deaths of these three diseases accounted for 82%

Summary

Introduction

Tobacco use is one of the most important public health concerns. Smoking can cause various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), respiratory diseases and cancers of the lungs and multiple other sites [1,2] and account for the loss of 57 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), becoming one of the top 10 risk factors for mortality [3].A paper published in the Lancet [4] indicated that the annual number of deaths increased from8.6 million in 1990 to 9.1 million in 2013 and the deaths due to non-communicable diseases increased by 33.5% (19.4%–46.9%) from 5.9 million to 7.9 million. Smoking can cause various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), respiratory diseases and cancers of the lungs and multiple other sites [1,2] and account for the loss of 57 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), becoming one of the top 10 risk factors for mortality [3]. A paper published in the Lancet [4] indicated that the annual number of deaths increased from. 8.6 million in 1990 to 9.1 million in 2013 and the deaths due to non-communicable diseases increased by 33.5% (19.4%–46.9%) from 5.9 million to 7.9 million. Cerebrovascular disease became the leading cause of death in China, followed by cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Similar to what had occurred in the United States, unhealthy lifestyles in China, including smoking and an unbalanced diet, together

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion