Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)3(OH)2) (HAp) is crystallographically and chemically similar to the human hard tissues and has been widely researched. The naturally formed HAp has some impurities of some ions, which provides the biocompatibility as well as the nanosized morphologies in the tissues. In this study, the morphosynthesis of zinc-substituted stoichiometric and carbonate hydroxyapatite (Zn:HAp and Zn:CAp) nanoparticles was investigated from the reagents of CaCl2, ZnCl2, and K2HPO4. The initial (Ca + Zn)/P ratios of 1.67 and 2.00 were adjusted by the initial ZnCl2amount at the Zn/(Ca + Zn) concentration of 0.0−10 mol%. The crystalline sizes of the nanoparticles decreased with increasing the Zn ion amount, suggesting that the Zn substitution significantly suppressed the crystal growth. TEM images of the nanoparticles indicated that all the crystalline sizes are less than 100 nm and the needle-like shapes were significantly changed to spherical shapes with increasing the Zn ion substitution to resultantly exhibit the higher surface areas as well as the nanoparticle aggregation states. Furthermore, all the nanoparticle films electrically plated on a silicone substrate give no cytotoxicity, and the Zn:CAp nanoparticle films significantly provided the bioactive properties for fibroblast ingrowth, suggesting the effect of Zn and carbonate ions on the cytocompatibility.
Highlights
The composition of human bone is an inorganic/organic nanohybrid consisting of calcium phosphates as hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) phase and organic compounds such as collagen
Zn(II) ion (Zn2+)-substituted stoichiometric and carbonate HAp nanoparticles, which are abbreviated as Zn:HAp and Zn:CAp, were synthesized at the initial molar ratio of (Ca + Zn)/P ratios at 1.67 and 2.00 The morphosynthesis was conducted by a wet chemical method and the calcium and phosphate precursors were mixed and precipitated under basic condition
The Zn-substituted HAp nanoparticles were successfully synthesized at the initial molar ratios of (Ca + Zn)/P at 1.67 and 2.00, providing the stoichiometric Zn:HAp and carbonate Zn:CAp nanoparticles, and the maximum Zn ion substitution in the structure is ca. 5 mol% by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) analysis
Summary
The composition of human bone is an inorganic/organic nanohybrid consisting of calcium phosphates as hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) phase and organic compounds such as collagen. The submicroscopic purity and morphology control of calcium phosphates such as HAp (e.g., bone-like apatite nanoparticles [1]) at the nanoscales devising synthetic method are very important for the biomedical applications. For improving the biocompatibility by the heterogeneous ions, the substitution of carbonate ions into the HAp structure is very important. The detailed features of the morphology and surface properties of Zn-substituted HAp under the other ion at the nanoscales have not been clarified. Zn(II) ion (Zn2+)-substituted stoichiometric and carbonate HAp nanoparticles, which are abbreviated as Zn:HAp and Zn:CAp, were synthesized at the initial molar ratio of (Ca + Zn)/P ratios at 1.67 and 2.00 The morphosynthesis was conducted by a wet chemical method and the calcium and phosphate precursors were mixed and precipitated under basic condition. The cytotoxicity in NIH3T3 fibroblasts of the nanoparticle films electrically plated on a silicone substrate was investigated
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