Morphometric evaluation of mitochondrial networks in regenerating myofibers using photothermal microscopy

Abstract

Background: Mitochondria constitute their interconnected network through dynamic mitochondrial processes such as fission and fusion in response to changes in their intracellular environment, such as energy demand. Transmission electron microscopy is the standard method for evaluating mitochondrial morphology. We have developed a simple method to evaluate mitochondrial morphology using tissue sections for bright-field observation. In this study, we attempted to image light-absorbing molecules (cytochrome c) in mitochondria using photothermal (PT) microscopy. Purpose: This method can observe an entire myocyte, so this study attempted to evaluate the entire mitochondrial network of immature (regenerating) myocytes during the skeletal muscle regeneration process. Methods: The gastrocnemius muscle of anesthetized male Wistar rats (13 weeks old) was subjected to 300 controlled eccentric contractions (ECC) using electrical stimulation. 7 days after ECC loading, in situ perfusion fixation was performed, and transverse sections (1 μm) from red (deep regions) and white (superficial regions) were prepared after Epon embedding. The sections were observed by PT microscopy, and quantitative analysis of mitochondrial morphology was performed. Mitochondrial content was expressed as a percentage of the fiber total area in transverse sections. The PT imaging system uses lasers with wavelengths of 515 nm and 638 nm constituting the PT pump and the probe beams, respectively. Results: After 7 days of ECC, many myofibers with small fiber diameters and central nuclei, which are characteristic of the recovery process after muscle damage, were observed. The cross-sectional area of the regenerating muscle (superficial region 389.9 ± 15.2 μm2, deep region 366.2 ± 17.5 μm2) was significantly smaller than that of the normal muscle (superficial region 2211.1 ± 127.3 μm2, deep region 1396.1 ± 72.9 μm2). Mitochondrial content of the regenerating muscle (superficial region 26.1 ± 1.1%, deep region 22.7 ± 0.8%) was significantly lower than that of the normal muscle (superficial region 31.8 ± 1.9%, deep region 34.9 ± 1.8%). In normal muscle, a linear network of mitochondria along myofibrils was observed. On the other hand, no spatially distributed mitochondria were observed in the cytoplasm of the regenerating muscle. Furthermore, a mitochondrial network was formed around the periphery of the central nucleus. Conclusion: In muscle tissue imaging using PT microscopy, myofibers in the regenerative process have less mitochondrial content than mature muscle fibers and lack the mitochondrial network along myofibrils that characterizes mature muscle. On the other hand, the central nucleus of immature muscle was surrounded by highly developed mitochondria. The mitochondrial morphological characteristics of regenerating muscle fibers may offer a unique window through which to better understand mitochondrial design and function and their plasticity during maturation. This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant (No. JP20H04074, 21K19703). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.