Abstract
Since Dietl et al. predicted that Co-doped ZnO may show room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) in 2000, researchers have focused on the investigation of ferromagnetic ZnO doped with various transition metals. However, after decades of exploration, it has been found that undoped ZnO nanostructures can also show RTFM, which in general is dependent on ZnO morphologies. Here, we will give an overall review on undoped ZnO nanomaterials with RTFM. The advanced strategies to achieve multidimensional (quasi-0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D) ferromagnetic ZnO nanostructures and the mechanisms behind RTFM are systematically presented. We have successfully prepared ferromagnetic nanostructures, including thin films, horizontal arrays and vertical arrays. The existing challenges, including open questions about quantum-bound ZnO nanostructures, are then discussed.
Highlights
Undoped ZnO Nanostructures.In recent years, due to their potential applications in spintronic devices, diluted magnetic semiconductors have attracted the attention of researchers [1]
Since it was predicted based on the Zener model that Co-doped ZnO could exhibit room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) [22], researchers have gradually focused on transition metal-doped ZnO systems
The change of diameter has no obvious effect on RTFM
Summary
Since 2000, which can be obtained with doping transition metal elements into metal oxides including ZnO [2,3,4,5,6], TiO2 [7,8,9,10], SnO2 [11,12,13,14,15,16], In2 O3 [17,18] and HfO2 [10,19,20,21] Since it was predicted based on the Zener model that Co-doped ZnO could exhibit RTFM [22], researchers have gradually focused on transition metal-doped ZnO systems. It was found later that the miniature of the bulk materials in nanoscale, such as nanoparticles (NPs), could exhibit novel magnetic behaviors in undoped ZnO.
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