Abstract
Seven morphologically distinct spermatozoal phenotypes can be detected in human semen under electron microscopy: sperm with dysplasia of the fibrous sheath, non-specific flagellar defects, immotile cilia syndrome, acrosomal hypoplasia, defective chromatin condensation and compaction, pin head and sperm without heads. These conditions cannot be identified by routine semen analysis because they are but secondary manifestations of underlying pathology. We hypothesize that proteomics would enable us to better understand the mechanism(s) underlying these pathologies.
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