Abstract
There is increasing interest in the environmental fate and effects of engineered nanomaterials due to their ubiquitous use in consumer products. In particular, given the mounting evidence that dramatic transformations can occur to a nanomaterial throughout its product lifecycle, the appropriateness of using pristine nanomaterials in environmental testing is being questioned. Using a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), this work examines the morphological and compositional effects of conditions mimicking a typical lifecycle of a nano-enabled product, from the production of the silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-laden textiles, through its use, laundering, and then finally, its leaching and incubation in the wastewater collection system. These simulated weathering conditions showed evidence for the transformation of AgNPs into AgCl and Ag2S. Incubation in raw wastewater had the most dramatic effect on the AgNPs in terms of transformation, no matter what initial weathering was applied to the NPs prior to incubation. However, despite extensive transformation noted, AgNPs were still present within all the samples after the use scenarios.
Highlights
The unique properties of nanoparticles (NPs) make them attractive additives in a variety of commercial products
Studies on the environmental impact of nanoparticles are typically carried out using the material in pristine form and vary widely in size (10–50 nm) and coatings depending on the availability and ease of synthesis of the nanoparticles [8,9,10,11,12,13,14]
While an understanding of the potential impact of pristine nanoparticles on the environment is essential, in simulating accidental spill scenarios, these results might not be universally applicable to all exposure situations, givenNatnhomeattreraianlss2f0o1r9m, 9,axtFioOnR sPEtEhRaRt ENVIPEsWcould undergo throughout their life cycle [22]
Summary
The unique properties of nanoparticles (NPs) make them attractive additives in a variety of commercial products. MmVV zzeettaa ppootteennttiiaall)) wweerree ppuurrcchhaasseedd ffrroomm NNaannooccoommppoossiixx,, SSaann DDiieeggoo,, CCAA,, UUSSAA ((FFiigguurree 22)). RRaaww wwaasstteewwaatteerr ((ffiilltteerreedd ttoo rreemmoovvee llaarrggee ssoolliidd mmaatttteerr)) wwaass oobbttaaiinneedd ffrroomm tthhee iinnfflluueenntt ooff tthhee RRoobbeerrtt. TTEEMM iimmaaggeess ooff 2255 nnmm pprriissttiinnee AAggNNPPss ffrroomm NNaannooccoommppoossiixx iinn ddoouubbllee ddeeiioonniizzeedd wwaatteerr ((ddddHH22OO)). Preparing Socks for In-Situ Impregnation (Kier boiling). Kier boiling of the commercial socks was employed to remove the wax finishing and non-cellulosic ac1mreedLflaldltuuoeelxKfdroiediasdtedilorcsHf1omob2rnoLOa1ittl0oheiinnrfehigdaa.clodTos2tHfhtoLoen2tnOhrsoteofihuilnbecuneocdtarimoosb2tnmt[oo4Ltte6ntuorr]rf.ocminiuIbaneenflldrbdassyrsobi[kece4ol.kf6lt,oAs]t1.ow4wIpmn.aw7aibsfgrhlraoeieoesnfmfkfw,Nb.p1oAhla4oii2.lty7piCeneagOHgdiro3aatfonanoNfnedsrdwaees2h3vmCo3eicOto.nke3v3tsuHgeawranataldahnlmysee3sast3wudo.s3rdfoangexcNekdrdaafsitOmnobwHirstsaohhoswweifnanesNdgor, edaliuanOeantdddiHdoidctnoawentdaotiennhnrtdgoeesthoelurteiomnovaanldofrewflauxxyedanfdorno1n0-che.llTuhloesiscomluatitoenriatlu[r4n6e]d. In-Situ Impregnation of Ag Nanoparticles into Socks (Laboratory-Prepared Socks). A kier boiled sock was immersed in 1 mM AgNO3 solution in a 4 L beaker at 1:20 (w/v) and thenAauktioecrlbavoieldedfosroc1k5wmaisnimatm12e1rs◦eCd iann1dm15MpAsig. The solutions were agitated on an Innova 40 Incubator Shaker (Eppendorf Inc., Enfield, CT, USA) at 100 oscillations per minute at 37 ◦C for 24 h, to simulate multiple uses and wash cycles
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