Abstract
Bamboo fibers are utilized for the production of various structures, building materials, etc. and is of great significance all over the world especially in southeast Asia. In this study, the extraction of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was performed using bamboo fibers through acid hydrolysis and subsequently different characterizations were carried out using various advanced techniques. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis has indicated the removal of lignin from MCC extracted from bamboo pulp. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed rough surface and minor agglomeration of the MCC. Pure MCC, albeit with small quantities of impurities and residues, was obtained, as revealed by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates the increase in crystallinity from 62.5% to 82.6%. Furthermore, the isolated MCC has slightly higher crystallinity compared to commercial available MCC (74%). The results of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrate better thermal stability of isolated MCC compared to its starting material (Bamboo fibers). Thus, the isolated MCC might be used as a reinforcing element for the production of green composites and it can also be utilized as a starting material for the production of crystalline nanocellulose in future.
Highlights
The rapid industrial growth that we are witnessing today has led to an ever-increasing demand for different nano/micro functional and structural materials in various industries for applied research and developments
In a study, reported by Ahmed et al 2016, percentage yield of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) isolated from rice husk was 60.24% when 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used in the isolation procedure
MCC were isolated from oil palm, yield of isolated MCC was 60–70% depending on used acid concentration [22]
Summary
The rapid industrial growth that we are witnessing today has led to an ever-increasing demand for different nano/micro functional and structural materials in various industries for applied research and developments. One important step in this direction is to make use of natural redeemable advanced materials for development as well as fabrication of polymer composites [3,4,5] In this context, cellulose is one important polymer, which could be tuned according to the requirements and could be used as functional as well as structural material for the production of valuable composites. MCC, one of the cellulose derivates, is a naturally occurring particle It is a fine, odourless white, crystalline powder and possesses important characteristics that include non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, high mechanical strength, large surface area, and low density, etc. Microscopy (SEM); change in chemical behaviours was analysed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR); X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used for the measurement of change in crystallinity; and thermal stability of MCC was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) instrument
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