Morphological optimization of scorpion telson

Abstract

Nature provides inspirations for solving many challenging scientific and technological problems. In this study, a computational methodology is developed for the morphological optimization of three-dimensional, multi-component biological organs. The structural optimization of scorpion telson, which consists of a curved stinger and a venom container, is considered as an example by using this method. Both experimental and numerical results indicate that, through a long history of natural selection, the load-bearing capacity of the venom apparatus of a scorpion has been optimized together with its flexible segmented tail, important biological functions (e.g., venom storage and transportation), and superb sting strategy. The optimal range of the sting direction of a scorpion is theoretically determined and verified by finite element analysis. The curved scorpion stinger makes the venom container a robust design that is insensitive to the loading direction. The biomechanical mechanisms underlying the robust design are deciphered by comparing the venom apparatuses of scorpions and honey bees. This work deepens our understanding of the structure–property–function interrelations of the venomous sharp weapons of both scorpions and honey bees, and the presented methodology can also be extended to design engineering structures with optimal morphologies (e.g., curved hypodermic needles and segmented robotic arms) and explore other biological tissues and organs.