Abstract
Copyright 1976. All rights reserved MORPHOLOGICAL METHODS «-6655 FOR EVALUATION OF PULMONARY TOXICITY IN ANIMALS D. L. Dungworth, L. W Schwartz, W. .5’. Tyler California Primate Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616 R. F. Phalen Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, California College of Medicine, University of California. Irvine, California 92664 INTRODUCTION The mammalian respiratory system has a variety of important functions in addition to the primary one of gaseous exchange (1, 2). The corresponding diversity of structural components of the respiratory tract, compounded by the inhomogeneity of morphologic responses of the lung to damaging agents, necessitates extremely careful selection and implementation of the several morphological methods required for its examination. Methods must be sensitive enough to reveal the presence and nature of subtle effects, and also to provide information on which useful hypotheses of pathogenesis can be based. This review is designed to present the important considerations in the choice of methods and is a guide to references describing them in more detail. It is not intended to be a detailed critique of methods or a complete laboratory protocol. Much of the review deals with the routine necessary for the satisfactory search for and documentation of toxic efl'ects. Emphasis is on the sine qua non for detecting subtle etfects, which provide the most discriminating information relevant to pulmo- nary toxicity. The remainder of the review briefly addresses special methods for investigating various aspects of the pathogenesis of pulmonary lesions likely to be encountered and which are necessary for furthering the understanding of pulmonary pathobiology. ROUTINE EVALUATION Gross Examination The methods to be described in this and subsequent sections are postmortem proce- dures, although most are applicable to surgical specimens. Radiographic studies, 381
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