Morphological, histological and biomechanical comparison of bone marrow aspirate concentrate, micro-fragmented adipose tissue and platelet-rich plasma in prevention of tendon adhesion

Abstract

Flexor tendon repair often leads to peritendinous adhesions, reducing finger motion and hand function. This study compares the effects of stromal cells from different sources and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on adhesion formation after tendon repair. Forty rabbits had their flexor digitorum profundus tendons transected and repaired with a modified Kessler suture technique. The control group received an isotonic solution. PRP, bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC), and micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MFAT) were injected in groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Rabbits wore casts for 2 weeks. Assessments included morphology, histopathology, range of motion (ROM), and biomechanical testing at the 3rd and 8th weeks. At 3 weeks, the BMAC group had the thickest and longest adhesions, the highest Tang Score, and inflammation score. However, at 8 weeks, the BMAC group had the lowest Tang Score and inflammation score. ROM was higher in the PRP group at 3 weeks and BMAC group at 8 weeks. No significant differences were found between BMAC and MFAT groups in adhesion measurements. Biomechanical parameters were higher in BMAC and MFAT groups at 8 weeks compared to control. BMAC therapy after primary flexor tendon repair improves adhesion formation and maintains ROM. It also enhances the biomechanical properties of the flexor tendon during the later stages of healing.