Abstract
Abstract Bamboo-type TiO2 nanotube (BT-TONT) arrays were developed by biasing the facile alternating voltage (AV, 80–20 V) and compared to smooth-walled TiO2 nanotube (SW-TONT) arrays grown by forcing a constant voltage (CV). The duration at 20 V in the AV mode had a considerable influence on the morphological properties such as the thickness, ridge spacing, and pore size for the same cycles. As the duration at 20 V was increased, the length and ridge spacing decreased, while the pore size increased. This is due to the formation of a thick blocking layer that blocks the growth of TONT. However, the repetitive formation of ridges in the BT-TONT arrays induced an enlargement of the surface area, resulting in an improvement of the short-circuit current (Jsc) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) in comparison with that of the SW-TONT arrays. In particular, the 20 V (20 min dwell time) TONTs exhibited a photoconversion efficiency (η) of 0.20% per thickness, compared with 0.077% for the SW-TONTs. Therefore, the formation of BT-TONT arrays can give an increased surface area for dye uptake, leading to an improved photoconversion efficiency.
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