Abstract
Morphology is the most visible and distinct character of plant organs and is accepted as one of the most important tools for plant biologists, plant breeders and growers. A number of methods based on plant morphology are applied to discriminate in particular close cultivars. In this study, image processing analysis was used on 20 grape cultivars (“Amasya beyazı“, “Antep karası“, “Bahçeli karası”, “Çavuş“, “Cevşen“, “Crimson“, “Dimrit“, “Erenköy beyazı“, “Hafızali“, “Karaşabi“, “Kırmızı“, “İzabella (Isabella) “, “Morşabi“, “Müşgüle“, “Nuniya“, “Royal“, “Sultani çekirdeksiz (Sultanina)“, “Yalova incisi“, “Yerli beyazv“, “Yuvarlak çekirdeksiz“) to classify them. According to image processing analysis, the longest and the greatest projected area values were observed in “Antep karası“ cultivar. The “Sultani çekirdeksiz“ cultivar had the least geometric mean diameter. The greatest sphericity ratios were observed in “Yerli beyaz“, “Erenköy beyazı“ and “Amasya beyazı“ cultivars. According to principal component analysis, dimensional attributes were identified as the most significant source of variation discriminant grape cultivars from each other. Morphological differences between the cultivars were explained by sphericity and elongation variables. According to elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) results, grape morphology largely looks like ellipse and sphere. However, there are some cultivars that look similar to a water drop. The cultivars with similar morphology were identified by a pair-wise comparison test conducted with the use of linear discriminant analysis, and they were presented in a scatter plot. According to cluster analysis, present grape cultivars were classified into seven sub-groups, which indicated great diversity.
Highlights
Grape is one of the oldest horticultural crops
The Results of the Discriminant Analysis and Pair-Wise Comparisons The contour codes obtained by Elliptic Fourier Analysis were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), and morphology differences between the grape cultivars were explained by two principal components (Figure 5)
Considering the morphology differences explained by PC1, it was observed that ellipse and sphere geometries constituted the main source of variation
Summary
Grape is one of the oldest horticultural crops. It is one of the most cultivated horticultural plants, along with apple, citrus and banana. Total world grape production in 2018 was 79,000,000 metric tons, up by 6.5% from 74,000,000 tons in 2017. Vitis vinifera L. are widely distributed, mainly in the temperate and subtropical regions in the world, including Mediterranean countries, Central and Southern Europe, to southwestern Asia. It is estimated that 10000 known grapevine varieties are distributed in grape growing areas throughout the world, and around 13 varieties dominate world production and cover more than one-third of the world’s vineyard area [3]
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