Abstract
Simple SummaryTenebrio molitor is a pest of stored grain, causing considerable damage. However, its easy maintenance makes this species also interesting as a food source and as a model for physiological, immunological, ecological and evolutionary studies. We used light and transmission electron microscopy to study the morphology of circulating haemocytes. Prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular cells and oenocytoids were described based on their morphological features and staining affinity. Results are a baseline for further study aimed to clarify the structure and function of haemocytes in insects.The immunocompetence of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor has been well investigated at molecular and physiological levels, but information on morphological and functional characteristics of its immune cells (haemocytes) is still scarce and fragmentary. This study provides an updated overview of the morphology of circulating immune cells from mealworm beetle adults, using light and transmission electron microscopy. Based on their affinities for May–Grünwald Giemsa stain, haemocytes were defined as either eosinophilic, basophilic or neutral. Ultrastructural descriptions allowed to detect four main cell types in the haemolymph: prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular cells and oenocytoids. The morphological plasticity of haemocytes and the evidence of mitotic circulating cells, intermediate cell stages, as well as autophagic activities suggest haemocyte proliferation, turnover and transdifferentiation as constantly active processes in the haemolymph. Cytochemical tests revealed differences in the distribution of carbohydrates among cell types underling the great plasticity of the immune response and the direct involvement of circulating immune cells in the resource allocation. In addition, our results provide a detailed morphological description of vesicle trafficking, macro- and microautophagy, apoptotic and necrotic processes, confirming the suitability of T. molitor haemocytes as a model for studying evolutionarily conserved cellular mechanisms.
Highlights
IntroductionInsects rely on physical barriers, such as the cuticle, as well as cellular and humoral immune responses to counteract parasites and pathogens in their natural environments [1,2]
The most common morphological types are prohemocytes, granular cells, plasmatocytes, spherule cells and oenocytoids, occurring in species belonging to diverse insect orders [5,9,10,11,12,13])
This study provides a comprehensive description of the haemocyte ultrastructure in T
Summary
Insects rely on physical barriers, such as the cuticle, as well as cellular and humoral immune responses to counteract parasites and pathogens in their natural environments [1,2]. Cellular defences involve haemocytes, which play a crucial role in the pathogen clearance by phagocytosis, nodule formation, encapsulation and cytotoxic reactions [3,4,5,6]. Haemocyte types have mostly been characterised referring to their morphological, histochemical and functional features [7] or based on monoclonal antibodies and genetic markers [8]. The most common morphological types are prohemocytes, granular cells, plasmatocytes, spherule cells and oenocytoids, occurring in species belonging to diverse insect orders [5,9,10,11,12,13]). Humoral effectors are an efficient part of the innate immune response and include production
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