Morphological changes and oxidative damage in Rett Syndrome erythrocytes

Abstract

BackgroundHypoxemia and increased oxidative stress (OS) have been reported in Rett Syndrome (RTT), a genetical neurodevelopmental disorder. Although OS and hypoxemia can lead to red blood cells (RBCs) shape abnormalities, no information on RBCs morphology in RTT exists. Here, RBCs shape was evaluated in RTT patients and healthy subjects as a function of OS markers, blood oxygenation, pulmonary gas exchange, and cardio-respiratory parameters. MethodsRBCs morphology was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Intraerythrocyte and plasma non protein-bound iron (NPBI), esterified F2-Isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), 4-HNE protein adducts (4-HNE PAs) were measured. Pulmonary oxygen gradients and PaO2 were evaluated by gas analyzers and cardiopulmonary variables by pulse oximetry. In RTT patients these parameters were assessed before and after ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) administration. ResultsAltered RBCs shapes (leptocytes) and increased NPBI were present in RTT, together with increased erythrocyte membrane esterified F2-IsoPs and 4-HNE PAs. Abnormal erythrocyte shapes were related to OS markers levels, pulmonary gas exchange, PaO2 and cardio-respiratory variables. After ω-3 PUFAs, a decrease of leptocytes was accompanied by a progressive increase in reversible forms of RBCs. This partial RBCs morphology rescue was related to decreased OS damage markers, improved pulmonary oxygen exchange, and cardiopulmonary physiology. ConclusionsThese findings indicate that in RTT 1) RBCs shape is altered; 2) the OS-hypoxia diad is critical in generating altered RBCs shape and membrane damage; 3) ω-3 PUFAs are able to partially rescue RBCs morphology and the OS-derived damage. General significanceRBCs morphology is an important biosensor for OS imbalance and chronic hypoxemia.