Morphological and Physio-Biochemical Responses of Watermelon Grafted onto Rootstocks of Wild Watermelon [Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad] and Commercial Interspecific Cucurbita Hybrid to Drought Stress

Mahdi Bikdeloo,Forouzandeh Soltani,Youssef Rouphael,Pradeep Kumar,Mohammad Reza Hassandokht,Giuseppe Colla,Reza Salehi,Mariateresa Cardarelli

doi:10.3390/horticulturae7100359

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the morphological and physio-biochemical responses of a commercial watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai) cv. ‘Crimson Sweet’ grafted onto a drought-tolerant rootstock of wild watermelon (bitter apple, Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad, ‘Esfahan’) in comparison with an ungrafted ‘Crimson Sweet’ watermelon or one grafted onto a commercial interspecific Cucurbita hybrid (Cucurbita maxima Duch. × Cucurbita moschata Duch.) rootstock (‘Shintoza’) under water stress. The experiment was conducted in pots under a controlled environment in a greenhouse, and water stress was imposed by maintaining moisture level in pots at 100% (well water (WW)) or 50% (water deficit (WD)) of container capacity (CC). WD significantly decreased most of the morphological traits in ungrafted and grafted plants, while the decrease in growth traits was lower in grafted plants than ungrafted plants. The response of grafted plants onto wild watermelon rootstock (‘Esfahan’) for most of the affected parameters (shoot fresh and dry weight, vine length and internodal length) was, however, comparable to those grafted onto commercial Cucurbita hybrid rootstock (‘Shintoza’). Plants grafted onto bitter apple (wild watermelon) exhibited a relatively lower decrease in growth and biomass, besides showing higher antioxidant activity (e.g., guaiacol peroxidase) concomitant with the lower accumulation of malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage in the leaf tissues in comparison with ungrafted plants. The overall growth performance, as well as those under water stress conditions in commercial rootstock-grafted watermelon, was related to its better plant water status (e.g., high relative water content) which was likely ascertained by its greater root efficiency. This suggests that watermelons grafted onto bitter apple rootstock and Cucurbita hybrid rootstock were constitutively more resistant to drought, with higher efficiency in mitigating oxidative stress than ungrafted treatment. The above findings demonstrated that bitter apple, a well-adapted desert species, can be used as an alternative rootstock to commercial rootstocks (e.g., ‘Shintoza’) for watermelon grafting under water stress conditions. In addition, bitter apple rootstock can be involved in rootstock breeding programs to improve drought tolerance in watermelon.

Highlights

IntroductionGrafting vegetables, including cucurbits (e.g., cucumber, melon, and watermelon), has become a common practice in many countries in recent years
Grafting vegetables, including cucurbits, has become a common practice in many countries in recent years
The lowest decrease in shoot fresh or dry weight, and vine and internode length was recorded in graft combinations involving bitter apple rootstock

Summary

Introduction

Grafting vegetables, including cucurbits (e.g., cucumber, melon, and watermelon), has become a common practice in many countries in recent years. Fusarium wilt; with this being the reason for the first instance of grafting application in vegetables (i.e., watermelon), which emerged about a century ago in Japan and Korea [2]. Grafting application in other fruiting vegetables, succeeded later, with the realization of its potential to successfully tackle numerous other production issues. The literature indicates the increasing instances of grafting applications successfully controlling certain biotic [3,4,5] and abiotic stresses [6,7,8,9,10,11,12], as well as increasing the nutrient- and water-use efficiency of vegetables [13,14,15]

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