Abstract
In this paper, the possibility of color controlling anodic titanium oxide by changing anodizing conditions of titanium in an ethanol-based electrolyte is demonstrated. Colored anodic titanium oxide was fabricated in an ethanol-based electrolyte containing 0.3 M ammonium fluoride and various amounts of deionized water (2, 3.5, 5, or 10 vol%), at voltages that varied from 30 to 60 V and at a constant anodization temperature of 20 °C. Morphological characterization of oxide layers was established with the use of a scanning electron microscope. Optical characterization was determined by measuring diffusion reflectance and calculating theoretical colors. The resulting anodic oxides in all tested conditions had nanotubular morphology and a thickness of up to hundreds of nanometers. For electrolytes with 3.5, 5, and 10 vol% water content, the anodic oxide layer thickness increased with the applied potential increase. The anodic titanium oxide nanotube diameters and the oxide thickness of samples produced in an electrolyte with 2 vol% water content were independent of applied voltage and remained constant within the error range of all tested potentials. Moreover, the color of anodic titanium oxide produced in an electrolyte with 2 vol% of water was blue and was independent from applied voltage, while the color of samples from other electrolyte compositions changed with applied voltage. For samples produced in selected conditions, iridescence was observed. It was proposed that the observed structural color of anodic titanium oxide results from the synergy effect of nanotube diameter and oxide thickness.
Highlights
Introduction iationsStructural color is widespread in the biological world and can be observed, for example, in the feathers of birds [1] or the wings of insects [2]
The shape of collected current curves is unusual for Ti anodization, as described in detail in the first report of an ethanol-based electrolyte applied for titanium anodization [20]
0.3 M ammonium fluoride and various amounts of deionized water (2, 3.5, 5, or 10 vol%), at voltages that varied from 30 to 60 V and at a constant anodization temperature of 20 ◦ C. It was found in the range of one electrolyte composition that the current density registered during titanium anodizing increased with an increase in applied potential
Summary
Structural color is widespread in the biological world and can be observed, for example, in the feathers of birds [1] or the wings of insects [2]. This phenomenon is due to interactions of natural light with periodic microstructures or nanostructures present on surfaces that have geometrical features and sizes comparable to visible wavelengths. Anodic aluminum oxide is used in two main applications: as a protective, anticorrosion layer on the tops of aluminum alloys [14,15], and as a template for nanofabrication when the nanocapillars are hexagonally arranged [16,17]
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