Abstract
Solvent Violet 47 (SV47) and Disperse Blue 14 (DB14) are two anthraquinone dyes that were previously used in different formulations for the production of violet-colored smoke. Both dyes have shown potential for toxicity; however, there is no comprehensive understanding of their effects. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to SV47 or DB14 from 6 to 120 h post fertilization (hpf) to assess the dyes’ potential adverse effects on developing embryos. The potential ability of both dyes to cross the blood–brain barrier was also assessed. At concentrations between 0.55 and 5.23 mg/L, SV47 showed a dose-dependent increase in mortality, jaw malformation, axis curvature, and edemas. At concentrations between 0.15 and 7.54 mg/L, DB14 did not have this same dose-dependence but had similar morphological outcomes at the highest doses. Nevertheless, while SV47 showed significant mortality from 4.20 mg/L, there was no significant mortality on embryos exposed to DB14. Regardless, decreased locomotor movement was observed at all concentrations of DB14, suggesting an adverse neurodevelopmental effect. Overall, our results showed that at similar concentrations, SV47 and DB14 caused different types of phenotypic effects in zebrafish embryos.
Highlights
IntroductionSmoke dyes are synthetic dyes used to color smoke in pyrotechnic devices for a broad range of applications, including entertainment (i.e., special effects, fireworks), safety (i.e., distress signals and location markers), or military (i.e., signals and training)
Embryos exposed to Solvent Violet 47 (SV47) showed a concentration-dependent increase in mortality with an LC50 of 4.37 mg/L (Figure 1a)
Developmental progression, axis curvature, jaw malformation, yolk sac edema, pericardial edema, and touch response had an Lowest Effect Limits (LELs) of 3.16 mg/L, with the 3.16 and 4.20 mg/L groups significantly different from the control
Summary
Smoke dyes are synthetic dyes used to color smoke in pyrotechnic devices for a broad range of applications, including entertainment (i.e., special effects, fireworks), safety (i.e., distress signals and location markers), or military (i.e., signals and training). Many of those synthetic dyes are used in other applications such as paper, plastics, leather, cosmetics, food, and textiles [1]. The industrial use of synthetic dyes has led to high levels of wastewater contamination that threaten aquatic environments [2,3]. Dyes have been detected in industrial effluents at varying concentrations, with general reports of
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