Abstract
Idesia polycarpa Maxim is described as a dioecious species, in which flowers are female or male, but we have also found individuals with bisexual flowers. The study aimed to provide the theoretical basis for the artificial control on flowering, fruiting, and floral initiation of Idesia polycarpa Maxim species. The morphological and anatomical structure of female, male, and bisexual flowers of I. polycarpa was studied. In this study, the routine paraffin section and morphological observation methods were used. The flowering of I. polycarpa began in late July. Results showed that the short-branch terminal bud was the highest percentage of floral bud position both in the female and male plants compared to the other bud types, and the proportion was 68.6% and 76.3%, respectively. Evidence from floral structural analysis suggests that the female and male flowers of I. polycarpa are unisexual by abortion. The ovary of the male flower stops developing after the ovule primordium initiation. The female, male, and bisexual flowers of I. polycarpa had the same anatomical structure at the beginning of development, but differences emerge in the differentiation stage of the female and male. In the bisexual flowers, females and males develop normally and may produce fruits. The study suggests that the bisexual, male, and female flowers were produced on the separate plants of the same species; therefore, the species is trioecious.
Highlights
Idesia polycarpa Maxim is described as a dioecious species that belongs to the family of Flacourtiaceae
The terminal buds were in the dormant state and protected by bud scales
There was no significant difference in the morphology of flower buds at different locations between the female and male I. polycarpa plants from July 2018 to February 2019
Summary
Idesia polycarpa Maxim is described as a dioecious species that belongs to the family of Flacourtiaceae. The species is indigenous to Asia and widely distributed in China, Korea, and Japan (Bernhard and Endress 1999; Chen et al 2019). The I. polycarpa fruit oil possesses high values in edible properties, health care, medicinal, and producing biodiesel (Yang et al 2009; Jung et al 2010; Lee et al 2013; Dai 2014). The plant sex is hard to distinguish between female and male plants and takes around 4 or 5 years to reach reproductive maturity (Chen et al 2019; Rana et al 2022). Only the female plants can produce fruits, which causes difficulties in the high-yield cultivation of this species. It is important to identify the sexual type and regulate sex differentiation
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