Abstract
Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) originated on the American continent, specifically in the Mesoamerican zone, and their domestication took place independently in the Mesoamerican area and the Andean zone, giving rise to two well-differentiated genetic pools. It was also noted that the Andean wild populations originated from only a few thousand individuals from the Mesoamerican wild populations, which produced a great bottleneck in the formation of the Andean population. During centuries of cultivation in the Iberian Peninsula after its introduction in the 16th century, beans adapted to new environments, evolving numerous local landraces. Twenty-four local landraces of P. vulgaris from Spain were analyzed in the greenhouse during two consecutive seasons. From each genotype, five plants were grown and characterized for 17 quantitative and 15 qualitative traits using the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) descriptors. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis. The results obtained indicate a high variability for most traits, especially those related to the yield and its components. The PCA and cluster analysis separated the landraces according to the color of the seed, the yield, and the pod and seed traits related to yield. Numerous traits exhibited interactions between the genotype and the environment. Most accessions reached higher yields in spring, in which solar radiation favors photosynthesis and, consequently, photoassimilation. The different response to the changing environment of the set of accessions studied in the present work is of great interest, and it can be exploited in breeding cultivars adapted to a broader range of environmental conditions.
Highlights
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important legume crops
The traits more positively correlated with the first PC component were those related to the yield (Yield) and its components (PodL, per plant (Pplant), Seed weight (SeedWh), SeedL, SeedW, SeedH) (Table 3, Figure 4)
A high diversity was reported in previous works on bean collections of Spanish origin [31,32]. It is evident the diversity of types in terms of size, color, and shape of seeds, as well as for other characteristics related to the main differences between the two gene pools, the Mesoamerican and the Andean; they include the size and shape of the terminal trifoliolate leaflet, flower bracteoles, the presence or absence of stripes at the outer base of the flower standard, and the pod beak position
Summary
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important legume crops. The world production of beans in 2017 was 57,496,465 tons, cultivated on 38,229,984 hectares. Asia is the continent with the highest production at 38,045,186 tons, and Europe is the continent with the lowest production at. In the European Union, the countries with the highest production are France, Lithuania, and Spain with 370,050, 230,112, and 183,324 tons, respectively. Castilla y León is the community with the largest area and production of beans in Spain, followed by Galicia and Asturias [1].
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