Morphogenesis of the prehensile autopodium in the common chameleon (Chamaeleo Chamaeleo).

Abstract

This report documents the development of the autopodium of the common chameleon (Chamaeleo chamaeleo) using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Three main periods were distinguished during the morphogenesis of this structure. In the first period (stages 33-35 of chameleon development) the autopodium is paddle-shaped with a prominent apical ectodermal ridge (AER) along the distal margin. During this period the AER has structural features similar to other reptilian and avian vertebrates except for the scarcity or absence of gap junctions. The second period of autopodium morphogenesis (stage 36 of chameleon development) is characterized by the formation of a central cleft which divides this structure into two digital segments. In the forelimb the autopodial cleft occupies the space between digits 3 and 4. In the hindlimb the cleft occupies the space between digits 2 and 3. Mesenchymal cell death constitutes a constant feature during cleft formation. In addition to cell death during this process, we have observed that the AER flattens out in the zone of cleft formation while in the digital portions of the autopodium it takes on a polystratified appearance. In the last period of autopodial morphogenesis (stage 37 of chameleon development) digits become free by means of interdigital mesenchymal cell death.